Balance, Landing Biomechanics, and Functional Movement Screen Characteristics With and Without Knee Exoskeleton in Military Soldiers

Abstract

Introduction A light-weight pneumatic-powered knee exoskeleton could augment mobility and lifting capabilities for a variety of occupational settings. However, added weight/bulkiness and artificially produced knee extension torque could compromise sensorimotor characteristics. Materials and Methods Ten healthy participants conducted 3 visits within 10 days to the biomechanics laboratory. Participants were asked to complete the following tasks on each visit: single-leg balance, single-leg drop-landing, and select functional movement tasks. Balance characteristics (the ground reaction forces variability and center-of-pressure velocity) were derived from force plates while knee flexion angles during drop-landing and functional movement tasks were captured using a motion capture system. Descriptive statistics as well as paired t-tests or Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to compare between conditions. Significance was set at P < .05 a priori. Results During single-leg balance, the ground reaction force variabilities were significantly increased (P = .013–.019) and the center of pressure velocity was decreased (P = .001–.017) when wearing knee exoskeleton. During single-leg drop-landing, the exoskeleton condition showed lower knee flexion angles at the initial contact (P = .004–.021) and peak (P = .006–.010). Additionally, the peak vertical ground reaction force was higher in the exoskeleton condition (P = .007). During functional movement tasks, the exoskeleton condition showed less knee flexion range-of-motion during the overhead squat (P = .007–.033) and hurdle step-over (P = .004–.005). Conclusions Participants exhibited stiffer landing technique with the exoskeleton. Given that these compromised sensorimotor characteristics have been associated with musculoskeletal injury risk, modifications to exoskeletons to promote softer landing and greater knee flexion range-of-motion during dynamic activities may be warranted.