Balance between swelling pressure and collagen tension in normal and degenerate cartilage

Ai, Maroudas

doi:10.1038/260808a0

Cited by 652 publications

(481 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Because early degeneration of cartilage is characterized by deterioration of the extracellular matrix components (3)(4)(5) such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen, qualitative MRI techniques have the potential to identify cartilage degeneration in an early stage. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) is a qualitative MRI technique that can evaluate the concentration of GAG in cartilage (6,7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of multislice acquisition on T₁ and T₂ measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Watanabe

Boesch

Obata³

et al. 2007

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of magnetization transfer on multislice T 1 and T 2 measurements of articular cartilage. Materials and Methods:A set of phantoms with different concentrations of collagen and contrast agent (Gd-DTPA 2-) were used for the in vitro study. A total of 20 healthy knees were used for the in vivo study. T 1 and T 2 measurements were performed using fast-spin-echo inversion-recovery (FSE-IR) sequence and multi-spin-echo (MSE) sequence, respectively, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We investigated the difference in T 1 and T 2 values between that measured by singleslice acquisition and that measured by multislice acquisition.Results: Regarding T 1 measurement, a large drop of T 1 in all slices and also a large interslice variation in T 1 were observed when multislice acquisition was used. Regarding T 2 measurement, a substantial drop of T 2 in all slices was observed; however, there was no apparent interslice variation when multislice acquisition was used. Conclusion:This study demonstrated that the adaptation of multislice acquisition technique for T 1 measurement using FSE-IR methodology is difficult and its use for clinical evaluation is problematic. In contrast, multislice acquisition for T 2 measurement using MSE was clinically applicable if inaccuracies caused by multislice acquisition were taken into account. IN RECENT YEARS, several qualitative MRI techniques have been developed to monitor the composition and structure of articular cartilage (1,2). Because early degeneration of cartilage is characterized by deterioration of the extracellular matrix components (3-5) such as glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen, qualitative MRI techniques have the potential to identify cartilage degeneration in an early stage. Delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) is a qualitative MRI technique that can evaluate the concentration of GAG in cartilage (6,7). Transverse relaxation time (T 2 ) mapping is an MRI technique that can evaluate the integrity of the collagen network structure and water content in cartilage (8,9). These two MRI techniques have had their capacities validated in basic studies (6,8,10,11) and have been used for clinical evaluations (12-15). The dGEMRIC technique requires longitudinal relaxation time (T 1 ) measurement, whereas T 2 mapping requires T 2 measurement; both techniques employ dedicated pulse sequences. There are several kinds of pulse sequences for T 1 or T 2 measurements. Fast-spin-echo inversion-recovery (FSE-IR) sequence and multi-spinecho (MSE) sequence have been commonly used for T 1 measurement and T 2 measurement of articular cartilage, respectively (7,9,(12)(13)(14)(15). The main reason to use these sequences for clinical evaluation is that they offer acceptable calculation accuracy and reproducibility in a suitable acquisition time. However, it is known that several undesirable factors, which can cause inaccuracy in T 1 and T 2 measurements, may be introduced when these sequences are used for multislice rather ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of multislice acquisition on T₁ and T₂ measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Watanabe

Boesch

Obata³

et al. 2007

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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“…One of the first characteristics of OA is damage to the collagen network, as reflected in increased swelling of the tissue and loss of proteoglycans (8)(9)(10). Both the collagen damage and the loss of proteoglycans adversely affect the mechanical properties of the cartilage.…”

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confidence: 99%

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products as a molecular mechanism for aging as a risk factor in osteoarthritis

DeGroot¹,

Verzijl²,

Wijk

et al. 2004

Arthritis & Rheumatism

182

114

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Objective. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic conditions affecting the elderly. Its etiology is largely unknown, but age is the most prominent risk factor. The current study was designed to test whether accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are known to adversely affect cartilage turnover and mechanical properties, provides a molecular mechanism by which aging contributes to the development of OA.Methods. The hypothesis that elevated AGE levels predispose to the development of OA was tested in the canine anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) model of experimental OA. Cartilage AGE levels were enhanced in young dogs by intraarticular injections of ribose. This mimics the accumulation of AGEs without the interference of other age-related changes. The severity of OA was then assessed 7 weeks after ACLT surgery in dogs with normal versus enhanced AGE levels.Results. Intraarticular injections of ribose enhanced cartilage AGE levels ϳ5-fold, which is similar to the normal increase that is observed in old dogs. ACLT surgery resulted in more-pronounced OA in dogs with enhanced AGE levels. This was observed as increased collagen damage and enhanced release of proteoglycans. The attempt to repair the matrix damage was impaired; proteoglycan synthesis and retention were decreased at enhanced AGE levels. Mankin grading of histology sections also revealed more-severe OA in animals with enhanced AGE levels.Conclusion. These findings demonstrate increased severity of OA at higher cartilage AGE levels and provide the first in vivo experimental evidence for a molecular mechanism by which aging may predispose to the development of OA.The population of Western society is aging rapidly. Consequently, age-related diseases will increase greatly over the coming decades and will have a great impact on the quality of life of the elderly. Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent and disabling chronic conditions affecting the elderly and poses a significant public health problem (1). The most prominent feature of OA is the progressive destruction of articular cartilage, resulting in impaired joint motion, severe pain, and, ultimately, disability (2). As yet, the etiology of OA remains largely unknown. The incidence of OA increases with age: Ͼ50% of the population over 60 years of age is affected (3,4). Although age is identified as the main risk factor for the development of OA, the mechanism by which aging is involved remains unclear. Age-related changes in the articular cartilage are expected to play an important role in the susceptibility of cartilage to OA.Articular cartilage derives its mechanical properties from its extracellular matrix. This matrix is composed of type II collagen, which forms a 3-dimensional network that provides the cartilage with resistance to tensile forces (5).

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“…Microstructural models have the advantage that they offer a structure-function relationship that relates the tissue's microstructure to the macroscopically observed mechanical properties. For example, experiments with healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage explants have shown that osteo arthritis is accompanied by an increase in tissue hydration and a decrease in proteoglycans (Maroudas 1976), leading to the hypothesis that increased collagen damage is the primary mechanism for swelling (Basser et al 1998). That hypothe sis is based on a stress-balance assumption: in equilibrium, the collagen tensile stress balances the swelling pressure pro duced by the fixed charge density (Bank et al 1997;Maroudas 1976).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, experiments with healthy and osteoarthritic cartilage explants have shown that osteo arthritis is accompanied by an increase in tissue hydration and a decrease in proteoglycans (Maroudas 1976), leading to the hypothesis that increased collagen damage is the primary mechanism for swelling (Basser et al 1998). That hypothe sis is based on a stress-balance assumption: in equilibrium, the collagen tensile stress balances the swelling pressure pro duced by the fixed charge density (Bank et al 1997;Maroudas 1976). The fiber-reinforced FEMs are microstructural mod els that employ the stress-balance hypothesis; indeed, the results of one study led to the claim that modeling the ten sion-compression nonlinearity using separate elements for the collagen and proteoglycan constituents is needed to accu rately model the mechanical behavior of normal and degraded cartilage .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Bimodular Theory for Finite Deformations: Comparison of Orthotropic Second-order and Exponential Stress Constitutive Equations for Articular Cartilage

Klisch

2006

Biomech Model Mechanobiol

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Cartilaginous tissues, such as articular cartilage and the annulus fibrosus, exhibit orthotropic behavior with highly asymmetric tensile-compressive responses. Due to this complex behavior, it is difficult to develop accurate stress constitutive equations that are valid for finite deformations. Therefore, we have developed a bimodular theory for finite deformations of elastic materials that allows the mechanical properties of the tissue to differ in tension and compres sion. In this paper, we derive an orthotropic stress constitutive equation that is second-order in terms of the Biot strain ten sor as an alternative to traditional exponential type equations. Several reduced forms of the bimodular second-order equa tion, with six to nine parameters, and a bimodular exponential equation, with seven parameters, were fit to an experimental dataset that captures the highly asymmetric and orthotropic mechanical response of cartilage. The results suggest that the bimodular second-order models may be appealing for some applications with cartilaginous tissues.

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Balance between swelling pressure and collagen tension in normal and degenerate cartilage

Cited by 652 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of multislice acquisition on T₁ and T₂ measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Effect of multislice acquisition on T₁ and T₂ measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products as a molecular mechanism for aging as a risk factor in osteoarthritis

A Bimodular Theory for Finite Deformations: Comparison of Orthotropic Second-order and Exponential Stress Constitutive Equations for Articular Cartilage

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Balance between swelling pressure and collagen tension in normal and degenerate cartilage

Cited by 652 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of multislice acquisition on T1 and T2 measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Effect of multislice acquisition on T1 and T2 measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Accumulation of advanced glycation end products as a molecular mechanism for aging as a risk factor in osteoarthritis

A Bimodular Theory for Finite Deformations: Comparison of Orthotropic Second-order and Exponential Stress Constitutive Equations for Articular Cartilage

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Effect of multislice acquisition on T₁ and T₂ measurements of articular cartilage at 3T

Effect of multislice acquisition on T₁ and T₂ measurements of articular cartilage at 3T