Baking Reduces Prostaglandin, Resolvin, and Hydroxy-Fatty Acid Content of Farm-Raised Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Abstract

Consumption of seafood enriched in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Several n-3 oxidation products from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3) have known protective effects in the vasculature. It is not known whether consumption of cooked seafood enriched in n-3 PUFA causes appreciable consumption of lipid oxidation products. We tested the hypothesis that baking Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) increases the level of n-3 and n-6 PUFA oxidation products over raw salmon. We measured the content of several monohydroxy-fatty acids (MHFA), prostanoids, and resolvins. Our data demonstrate that baking did not change the overall total levels of MHFA. However, baking resulted in selective regio-isomeric loss of hydroxy fatty acids from arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), and EPA while significantly increasing hydroxyl-linoleic acid levels. The content of prostanoids and resolvins were reduced several-fold with baking. The inclusion of coating upon the salmon prior to baking reduced the loss of some MHFA but had no effect upon prostanoid losses incurred by baking. Baking did not decrease n-3 PUFA content indicating that baking of salmon is an acceptable means of preparation that does not alter the potential health benefits of high n-3 seafood consumption. The extent to which the levels of MHFA, prostanoids and resolvins in the raw or baked fish have physiologic consequence for humans needs to be determined.

Brain 2‐Arachidonoylglycerol Levels Are Dramatically and Rapidly Increased Under Acute Ischemia‐Injury Which Is Prevented by Microwave Irradiation

“…The tissue 2-AG was extracted using an acetone liquid/liquid extraction protocol as we previously described for eicosanoids [53, 62, 63] with the modification that the hexane fraction was collected for MS analysis. Briefly, tissue (approximately 10 mg of homogeneous brain powder) was homogenized in a Tenbroeck tissue grinder(Kontes Glass Co., Vineland, NJ) containing 3 mL of 2:1 acetone:saline with 100 ng of 2-AGd 8 (added with 10 µL of ethanol) as an internal standards.…”

Pro-resolving lipid mediators are leads for resolution physiology

“…SPM are conserved structures present in trout (PD1 and RvD1) 88 , salmon (RvD1 and RvD2) 117 and planaria 23 . Microfluidic chambers that permit visualization of cell-cell interactions between leukocyte subpopulations (i.e.…”

Specific lipid mediator signatures of human phagocytes: microparticles stimulate macrophage efferocytosis and pro-resolving mediators

“…11 In addition to confirming the original structural assignments and potent anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions in vivo of resolvins, lipoxins, and maresins, 10 new studies from others demonstrate their potent actions in experimental colitis, 12 arthritis, 13 arthritic pain, 14 ocular diseases, 15 resolving obesity, 16 and diabetes. 17 Importantly, synthetic SPMs permitted their identification in other biologic sources, including, for example, human inflammatory responses, 18,19 human serum, 20 fish, 21 and other marine organisms 22 and the invertebrate phyla. 11 The initial identification of resolvins and protectins in resolving exudates implicated that multiple cell types are involved in their biosynthesis given the dynamic process ongoing within evolving inflammatory exudates.…”