Bad Smells of Gang of Four Design Patterns: A Decade Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Gang of Four (GoF) design patterns are widely approved solutions for recurring software design problems, and their benefits to software quality are extensively studied. However, the occurrence of bad smells in design patterns increases the crisis of degenerating design patterns’ structure and behavior. Their occurrences are detrimental to the benefits of design patterns and they influence software sustainability by increasing maintenance costs and energy consumption. Despite the destructive roles of bad smells in such designs, there are an absence of studies systematically reviewing bad smells of GoF design patterns. This study systematically reviews a 10-year state of the art sample, identifying 16 studies investigating this phenomenon. Following a thorough evaluation of the full contents, we observed that the occurrence of bad smells have been investigated in proportion to four granularity levels of analysis: Design level, category level, pattern level, and role level. We identified 28 bad smells, categorized under code smells and grime symptoms, and emphasized their relationship with GoF pattern types and categories. The utilization of design pattern bad smell detection approaches and datasets were also discussed. Consequently, we observed that the research phenomenon is growing intensively, with a prominent focus of studies analyzing code smell occurrences rather than grime occurrences, at various granularity levels. Finally, we uncovered research gaps and areas with significant potentials for future research.

Analysis of the Relationship Between Sustainability and Software Performance

“…This is why the concept of sustainability needs to be given adequate considerations in energy systems planning an design, which is practical in terms of covering all the associated with the system, including the success and the failure factors. Almadi et al (2021) stated that two dimensions of sustainability are affected by design patterns, the technical dimension and the environmental dimension. Design patterns greatly impacts software understandability, testability, usability, code testability, change in size, frequency, and defects, further affecting program understandability and maintainability.…”