Bad nights or bad bars? Multi‐level analysis of environmental predictors of aggression in late‐night large‐capacity bars and clubs

Graham, Kathryn; Bernards, Sharon; Osgood, D. Wayne; Wells, Samantha

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01608.x

Cited by 189 publications

(180 citation statements)

References 31 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

167

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The first registration form was based on similar studies in Sweden [35] and new variables were added in 2006. In 2011, the form was based on a schedule developed by Graham et al [38], which Hughes and her colleagues [39] also used.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with over‐serving at drinking establishments

Buvik¹,

Rossow²

2015

Addiction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: To address characteristics of drinking establishments, bartenders and patrons that may affect the likelihood of over-serving.Design: A systematic examination of 425 purchase attempts with pseudo-intoxicated patrons enacting scripts that, according to the law, should lead to the denial of alcohol sales.Setting: Drinking establishments in the three largest cities in Norway were visited by male and female actors aged 20-30 years on weekend nights.Measurements: Over-serving was recorded when the pseudo-intoxicated patron was served alcohol. Characteristics of the drinking establishment, the bartender and the pseudointoxicated patron were systematically recorded.Results: Pseudo-intoxicated patrons were served in 347 of 425 purchase attempts (82%). In bi-variate analyses, over-serving rate increased with venue characteristics, music/noise level and intoxication level among patrons. These factors were inter-correlated and correlated with poor lighting. Over-serving rate was also higher when the pseudo-intoxicated patron was female and when the purchase attempt occurred after midnight. In multi-variate analyses, two factors increased the likelihood of over-serving significantly: a high problematic bar indicator score (poor lighting, high music/noise level and high intoxication level among patrons) (adjusted OR=3.5, 95% CI = 1.9 , 6.4) and female gender of pseudo-intoxicated patron (adjusted OR=2.6, 95% CI=1.4 , 4.7). The rate of over-serving was 95% when both risk factors were present and 67 % when both factors were absent. Conclusions:In the Norwegian intoxication oriented drinking culture, over-serving occurs frequently, even in the absence of risk factors such as poor lighting, loud music and high intoxication level among patrons.

show abstract

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with over‐serving at drinking establishments

Buvik¹,

Rossow²

2015

Addiction

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Observations were based on a schedule developed by Graham, Bernards, Osgood, and Wells (2006) and later used in European studies by Hughes et al (2012). The schedule comprises a range of variables designed to measure aspects of the bar environment: time of the inspection, the type of place (bar/club), crowding, intoxication levels among the guests, noise, lighting and cleanliness.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Street-level alcohol policy: Assessing intoxication at drinking venues in Oslo

Buvik¹,

Baklien²

2014

Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aims: This article examines liquor inspectors' assessments of intoxication at drinking establishments in Norway. It draws upon Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats (1980) to study a situation where laws and informal norms seem to pull in opposite directions. Methods:We conducted 26 ethnographic observations of liquor inspectors' visits to drinking venues in Oslo, as well as qualitative interviews and field conversations with liquor inspectors. Findings:The study reveals that inspectors interpret the Norwegian Alcohol Act in four main ways that lead to lenient enforcement of the law. 1. Inspectors translate the wording of the Act into their everyday language. 2. They use significant discretion when assessing a patron's intoxication level. 3. The inspectors identify with patrons. 4. They find it hard to spot deviance when everyone is drunk. Conclusions:Research on alcohol policy usually focuses on the national level. Decisions made at the 'street level', however, might also lead to over-serving, alcohol-related harm and violence. The street-level alcohol policy allows a level of intoxication far above that allowed by the law. In this way, the inspectors support and maintain a liberal drinking culture.

show abstract

“…Graham et al 46 conducted a detailed multilevel analysis of risk factors for bars in Toronto, ON, while Green and Plant 38 collated a detailed description of these risk factors. Evidence suggests that showing sport in premises increases the length of customers' visits 47 and is associated with increased levels of aggression.…”

Section: Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

All-Wales Licensed Premises Intervention (AWLPI): a randomised controlled trial of an intervention to reduce alcohol-related violence

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundViolence in and around premises licensed for the on-site sale and consumption of alcohol continues to burden the NHS with assault-related injuries.Trial designA randomised controlled trial with licensed premises as the unit of allocation, with additional process and cost-effectiveness evaluations.MethodsPremises were eligible (n = 837) if they were licensed for on-site sale and consumption of alcohol, were within 1 of the 22 local authorities (LAs) in Wales and had previously experienced violence. Data were analysed using Andersen–Gill recurrent event models in an intention-to-treat analysis. An embedded process evaluation examined intervention implementation, reach, fidelity, dose and receipt. An economic evaluation compared costs of the intervention with benefits.InterventionPremises were randomised to receive a violence-reduction intervention, Safety Management in Licensed Environments (SMILE), which was delivered by an environmental health practitioner (EHP; the agent). SMILE consisted of an initial risk audit to identify known risks of violence, a follow-up audit scheduled to enforce change for premises in which serious risks had been identified, structured advice from EHPs on how risks could be addressed in premises and online materials that provided educational videos and related material.ObjectiveTo develop intervention materials that are acceptable and consistent with EHPs’ statutory remit; to determine the effectiveness of the SMILE intervention in reducing violence; to determine reach, fidelity, dose and receipt of the intervention; and to consider intervention cost-effectiveness.OutcomeDifference in police-recorded violence between intervention and control premises over a 455-day follow-up period.RandomisationA minimum sample size of 274 licensed premises per arm was required, rounded up to 300 and randomly selected from the eligible population. Licensed premises were randomly assigned by computer to intervention and control arms in a 1 : 1 ratio. Optimal allocation was used, stratified by LA. Premises opening hours, volume of previous violence and LA EHP capacity were used to balance the randomisation. Premises were dropped from the study if they were closed at the time of audit.ResultsSMILE was delivered with high levels of reach and fidelity but similar levels of dose to all premises, regardless of risk level. Intervention premises (n = 208) showed an increase in police-recorded violence compared with control premises (n = 245), although results are underpowered. An initial risk audit was less effective than normal practice (hazard ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval 1.20 to 1.51) and not cost-effective. Almost all eligible intervention premises (98.6%) received the initial risk audit; nearly 40% of intervention practices should have received follow-up visits but fewer than 10% received one. The intervention was acceptable to EHPs and to some premises staff, but less so for smaller independent premises.ConclusionsSMILE was associated with an increase in police-recorded violence in intervention premises, compared with control premises. A lack of follow-up enforcement visits suggests implementation failure for what was seen as a key mechanism of action. There are also concerns as to the robustness of police data for targeting and assessing outcome effectiveness, while intervention premises may have received greater attention from statutory agencies and, therefore, the identification of more violence than control premises. Although SMILE had high reach and was feasible and acceptable to EHPs, it was found to be ineffective and associated with increased levels of violence, compared with normal practice and it requires additional work to promote the implementation of follow-up enforcement visits. Future work will aim to better understand the role of intervention dose on outcomes and seek more objective measures of violence for use in similar trials.Trial registrationCurrent Controlled Trials ISRCTN78924818.FundingThis project was funded by the NIHR Public Health Research programme and will be published in full inPublic Health Research; Vol. 3, No. 10. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

show abstract

Bad nights or bad bars? Multi‐level analysis of environmental predictors of aggression in late‐night large‐capacity bars and clubs

Abstract: The results demonstrate clearly the importance of the immediate environment (not just the type of bar or characteristics of usual patrons) and the importance of specific environmental factors, including staff behaviour, in predicting both frequency and severity of aggression.

Cited by 189 publications

References 31 publications

Factors associated with over‐serving at drinking establishments

Factors associated with over‐serving at drinking establishments

Street-level alcohol policy: Assessing intoxication at drinking venues in Oslo

All-Wales Licensed Premises Intervention (AWLPI): a randomised controlled trial of an intervention to reduce alcohol-related violence

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About