The rapid and accurate diagnosis of bacterial infection is of vital importance so that appropriate antimicrobial therapy can be initiated. The broth microdilution method for determining the susceptibility of bacteria to a particular antimicrobial agent is commonly used to obtain reference values.
1)In this standard procedure for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), microplates are incubated overnight for about 16 to 20 h and then read for turbidity.
1)The disk diffusion method is also used for determining susceptibility.2,3) The preceding two methods are the reference standards by which all other procedures are assessed. [4][5][6] There have already been many reports about the application of several types of electrode to bacterial susceptibility testing.4,7-10) Amano et al. have developed new type of oxygen meters with multi-channels and inexpensive disposable oxygen electrode sensors (DOX-96; DAIKIN ENVIRON-MENTAL LABORATORY, LTD., Tsukuba, Japan).11) The electrode for DOX-96 is a 96-well plate with three electrodes embedded in each well. The oxygen amount in the well is converted into current through electrodes and the current is drawn on a graph with a laptop computer. The assay procedure is quite similar to that for optical measurements with the conventional 96-well microplate.In the present study, we investigated the applicability of DOX-96 on the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of clinical bacterial isolates. To address this point, we compared the results obtained by DOX-96 with those by the standard broth microdilution method. In addition, the broth microdilution method cannot be applied to turbid samples because of its optical set-up and the disk diffusion method is qualitative and still insufficient for automated convenience. Therefore, we also focused on measuring oxygen consumption by bacteria using oxygen electrodes as an accurate and convenient method of antimicrobial susceptibility testing for turbid samples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Bacterial Isolates
Antimicrobial AgentsThe following antimicrobial agents were tested: vancomycin (VCM; Shionogi Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan), cefazolin (CEZ; Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan), ampicillin (ABPC; Meiji Seika Co., Tokyo, Japan), piperacillin (PIPC; Toyama Chemical Co., Tokyo, Japan), cefoperazone-sulbactam (SBT/CPZ; Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tokyo, Japan), piperacillintazobactam (TAZ/PIPC; Toyama Chemical Co.), aztreonam (AZT; Eisai Co., Tokyo, Japan), ceftazidime (CAZ; Tanabe Pharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan), cefpirome (CPR; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan), imipenem (IPM; Banyu Pharmaceutical Co., Tokyo, Japan), gentamicin (GM; Schering-Plough Co., Osaka, Japan), minocycline (MINO; WyethLederle Co., Tokyo, Japan), ciprofloxacin (CPFX; Bayer Yakuhin Co., Tokyo, Japan), and levofloxacin (LVFX; Dai- ; 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan. Received April 3, 2003; accepted June 9, 2003 The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of new oxygen meters with multi-channels and disposab...