Bacteriophages as enteric viral indicators in bivalve mollusc management

Hodgson, Kate R.; Torok, V. A.; Turnbull, Alison

doi:10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.003

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Moreover, World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized somatic coliphages, male-specific RNA coliphages (F-RNA phages), and Bacteroides' phages as indicators of water quality. Somatic phage group contains a big family of lytic phages with single or double-stranded DNA genomes (Hodgson, Torok, & Turnbull, 2017). These bacteriophages attach the coliform cell wall as the specific host, which may infect warm-blooded animals and duplicate in the gastrointestinal tract.…”

Section: Bacteriophagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Motlagh

Yang

2019

Water Environment Research

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This review paper focuses on detection and quantification techniques of indicator organisms that can be used for water quality assessment. The environmental pathogens that are critical to understand and better evaluate water quality are also discussed in this paper. Several recent studies using culture-independent methods such as microbial source tracking, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, mitochondrial DNA, and next generation sequencing to assess various environmental samples and water bodies have been reviewed.

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Section: Bacteriophagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Motlagh

Yang

2019

Water Environment Research

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“…As a consequence, there have been some outbreaks related to mollusk consumption caused by viruses, even when the mollusks were previously purified [14]. The most common viral pathogens involved in mollusk-caused outbreaks were norovirus (higher than 80%), followed by hepatitis A virus [15]. Oysters are the most frequently implicated shellfish in viral outbreaks [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common viral pathogens involved in mollusk-caused outbreaks were norovirus (higher than 80%), followed by hepatitis A virus [15]. Oysters are the most frequently implicated shellfish in viral outbreaks [15]. This increased frequency is caused by the fact that the oysters are, in many cases, consumed raw, and that it was reported that in some cases noroviruses can bind specifically to carbohydrate structure antigens in the oyster gut and can be internalized within cells of both digestive and non-digestive tissues [16,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complementary Methods to Improve the Depuration of Bivalves: A Review

Martinez-Albores

López-Santamarina

Rodríguez

et al. 2020

Foods

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Bivalves are filter feeders that can accumulate and concentrate waterborne contaminants present in the water in which they live. Biotoxins, pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and heavy metals present in the aquaculture environment constitute the main hazards for human health. The most common method employed for combating waterborne pollutants in bivalves is depuration with purified seawater. Although this method is effective at increasing the microbiological quality of bivalves, in most cases, it is ineffective at eliminating other risks, such as, for example, viruses or heavy metals. Biological (bacteriocins and bacteriophages), physical (UV light, ozone, and gamma-irradiation), chemical (metallothioneins and chitosan), and other industrial processing methods have been found to be useful for eliminating some contaminants from seawater. The aim of this work was to provide a review of academic articles concerning the use of treatments complementary to conventional depuration, aiming to improve depuration process efficiency by reducing depuration times and decreasing the levels of the most difficult-to-erase contaminants. We conclude that there are different lab-tested strategies that can reduce depuration times and increase the food safety of bivalve produce, with possible short- and long-term industrial applications that could improve the competitivity of the aquaculture industry.

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“…Alternative approaches to NoV genome detection have been proposed, including the use of human fecal contamination indicators, especially bacteriophages infecting enteric bacteria (17). Among them, F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) have been extensively studied because of their structural similarity to waterborne viruses (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages Model the Behavior of Human Noroviruses during Purification of Oysters: the Main Mechanism Is Probably Inactivation Rather than Release

Leduc

Leclerc

Challant

et al. 2020

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Noroviruses (NoV) are responsible for many shellfish outbreaks. Purification processes may be applied to oysters before marketing to decrease potential fecal pollution. This step is rapidly highly effective in reducing Escherichia coli; nevertheless, the elimination of virus genomes has been described to be much slower. It is therefore important to identify (i) the purification conditions that optimize virus removal and (ii) the mechanism involved. To this end, the effects of oyster stress, nutrients, and the presence of a potential competitor to NoV adhesion during purification were investigated using naturally contaminated oysters. Concentrations of NoV (genomes) and of the viral indicator F-specific RNA bacteriophage (FRNAPH; genomes and infectious particles) were regularly monitored. No significant differences were observed under the test conditions. The decrease kinetics of both virus genomes were similar, again showing the potential of FRNAPH as an indicator of NoV behavior during purification. The T90 (time to reduce 90% of the initial titer) values were 47.8 days for the genogroup I NoV genome, 26.7 days for the genogroup II NoV genome, and 43.9 days for the FRNAPH-II genome. Conversely, monitoring of the viral genomes could not be used to determine the behavior of infectious viruses because the T90 values were more than two times lower for infectious FRNAPH (20.6 days) compared to their genomes (43.9 days). Finally, this study highlighted that viruses are primarily inactivated in oysters rather than released in the water during purification processes. IMPORTANCE This study provides new data about the behavior of viruses in oysters under purification processes and about their elimination mechanism. First, a high correlation has been observed between F-specific RNA bacteriophages of subgroup II (FRNAPH-II) and norovirus (NoV) in oysters impacted by fecal contamination when both are detected using molecular approaches. Second, when using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and culture to detect FRNAPH-II genomes and infectious FRNAPH in oysters, respectively, it appears that genome detection provides limited information about the presence of infectious particles. The comparison of both genomes and infectious particles highlights that the main mechanism of virus elimination in oysters is inactivation. Finally, this study shows that none of the conditions tested modify virus removal.

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Bacteriophages as enteric viral indicators in bivalve mollusc management

Cited by 21 publications

References 65 publications

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Detection and occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens

Complementary Methods to Improve the Depuration of Bivalves: A Review

F-Specific RNA Bacteriophages Model the Behavior of Human Noroviruses during Purification of Oysters: the Main Mechanism Is Probably Inactivation Rather than Release

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