Bacteriophage as Antimicrobial Agents: A Milestone

Gopalaiah, Hema

doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10011-1337

“…Due to this short life cycle, phages could potentially be used for different applications such as prior slaughter, to treat or control bacteria that may pose harm to the farmer or end user [ 68 ]. The lysogenic cycle begins with inclusion its genetic material into the chromosome of the bacterial cell, after which, replication of the phage nucleic acid together with the host genes occurs for numerous generations without major metabolic consequences for the bacterial cell, thus allowing co-existence between the phage and bacteria [ 69 ]. This also facilitates the exchange of genetic material between the phage and bacteria.…”

Section: Alternatives To Antibiotics Used In Livestock Farmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phages for Africa: The Potential Benefit and Challenges of Phage Therapy for the Livestock Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa

Makumi

¹

,

Mhone

²

,

Odaba

³

et al. 2021

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One of the world’s fastest-growing human populations is in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), accounting for more than 950 million people, which is approximately 13% of the global population. Livestock farming is vital to SSA as a source of food supply, employment, and income. With this population increase, meeting this demand and the choice for a greater income and dietary options come at a cost and lead to the spread of zoonotic diseases to humans. To control these diseases, farmers have opted to rely heavily on antibiotics more often to prevent disease than for treatment. The constant use of antibiotics causes a selective pressure to build resistant bacteria resulting in the emergence and spread of multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms in the environment. This necessitates the use of alternatives such as bacteriophages in curbing zoonotic pathogens. This review covers the underlying problems of antibiotic use and resistance associated with livestock farming in SSA, bacteriophages as a suitable alternative, what attributes contribute to making bacteriophages potentially valuable for SSA and recent research on bacteriophages in Africa. Furthermore, other topics discussed include the creation of phage biobanks and the challenges facing this kind of advancement, and the regulatory aspects of phage development in SSA with a focus on Kenya.

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“…The phages kill the bacterial cells by establishing lytic cycle for own replication using metabolic machinery and genes of host bacteria. Recently, phage therapy has arisen as promising alternate to antibiotics as enormous use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance all over the world (Hyman and Abedon, 2010;Gopalaiah, 2013). Previous studies revealed that brucellaphages were used for bacteriophagebased diagnostics, phage typing and epidemiological studies (Gupta and Saxena, 2017a;Sergueev et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Staphylococcus Pasteuri in the Cultured Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii) in Bulgaria

2022

THE JAPS

1

0

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Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is an economically significant bacterial disease causing enormous economic losses in developing countries. Due to emerging antibacterial resistance in current use of antibiotics and insufficient immunity by WHO recommended vaccine strategies, it is recommended to cull the positive animals to control the disease. In such circumstances, use of host specific bacteriophages could be an alternate option to control the disease. In present study, brucellaphages were isolated from slurry samples (n=50) of livestock farms. Seven samples were found positive in spot method, while two samples gave the positive plaques of pinpoint size (0.5 mm) with round and clear appearance in plaque assay. Isolated brucellaphages (BaP1 and BaP2) did not produce plaques against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Pasteurella multocida. Physicochemical characterization revealed that lytic activity of phages was present up to 60 o C which started to decrease at 70 o C and maximum stability was between 7 to 9 pH. Exposure of sunlight, normal fluorescent and UV light inactivated these phages within 3 hours, 24 hours and 15 minutes, respectively. Phages become inactivated in 15 minutes when treated with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, chloroform, Lysozyme, and Proteinase K, however, no effect of EDTA, normal saline, Trypsin and RNAse was observed on brucellaphages. In conclusion, the results have laid the foundation to standardize practical applications of brucellaphages after detailed in-vitro and in-vivo experimental evaluations.

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“…The phages kill the bacterial cells by establishing lytic cycle for own replication using metabolic machinery and genes of host bacteria. Recently, phage therapy has arisen as promising alternate to antibiotics as enormous use of antibiotics has resulted in the emergence of antibiotic resistance all over the world (Hyman and Abedon, 2010;Gopalaiah, 2013 (Gupta and Saxena, 2017a;Sergueev et al, 2017). Most of the studies had investigated the genetic diversity among previously characterized reference brucellaphages (Tb, Bk, R/C, Wb, Fi, Iz, Pr) but remain limited about successful use of brucellaphages for specific decontamination and antibacterial therapy (Zhu et al, 2009;Flores et al, 2012;Filippov et al, 2013;Farlow, 2014;Tevdoradze et al, 2015;Hammerl et al, 2014Hammerl et al, , 2017.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Physicochemical Characterization of Brucella Phages

2021

THE JAPS

0

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Bovine brucellosis, caused by Brucella abortus, is an economically significant bacterial disease causing enormous economic losses in developing countries. Due to emerging antibacterial resistance in current use of antibiotics and insufficient immunity by WHO recommended vaccine strategies, it is recommended to cull the positive animals to control the disease. In such circumstances, use of host specific bacteriophages could be an alternate option to control the disease. In present study, brucellaphages were isolated from slurry samples (n=50) of livestock farms. Seven samples were found positive in spot method, while two samples gave the positive plaques of pinpoint size (0.5 mm) with round and clear appearance in plaque assay. Isolated brucellaphages (BaP1 and BaP2) did not produce plaques against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Bacillus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Pasteurella multocida. Physicochemical characterization revealed that lytic activity of phages was present up to 60 o C which started to decrease at 70 o C and maximum stability was between 7 to 9 pH. Exposure of sunlight, normal fluorescent and UV light inactivated these phages within 3 hours, 24 hours and 15 minutes, respectively. Phages become inactivated in 15 minutes when treated with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate, chloroform, Lysozyme, and Proteinase K, however, no effect of EDTA, normal saline, Trypsin and RNAse was observed on brucellaphages. In conclusion, the results have laid the foundation to standardize practical applications of brucellaphages after detailed in-vitro and in-vivo experimental evaluations.

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Bacteriophage as Antimicrobial Agents: A Milestone

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Phages for Africa: The Potential Benefit and Challenges of Phage Therapy for the Livestock Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa

Phages for Africa: The Potential Benefit and Challenges of Phage Therapy for the Livestock Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa

Isolation of Staphylococcus Pasteuri in the Cultured Russian Sturgeon (Acipenser Gueldenstaedtii) in Bulgaria

Isolation and Physicochemical Characterization of Brucella Phages

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