Bacteriological, Hematological and Biochemical Diagnostic Studies on Diarrheic Arabian Horse Foals Caused by Enterobacterial Infections

Ata, Emad Beshir; Nasr, Soad M.; Mohamed, Amany M.; El‐Aziz, Tamer H. Abd; Fouad, Ehab A.; Sedky, Doaa; Nassar, Somia A.; Ghazy, Alaa A.

doi:10.17582/journal.aavs/2020/8.4.412.421

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Egypt is an important centre for raising and marketing the pure breed of Arabian horses. The absence of appropriate monitoring surveys might threaten the horse industry locally and internationally (20). To combat equine diseases, it is imperative to understand their epidemiological situation (21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of some equine viral diseases

Ata¹,

Shaapan²,

Ghazy³

et al. 2022

IJVS

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Although different equine viruses' outbreaks have been recorded. However, the most important ones in are the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), equine influenza virus (EIV), equine viral arteritis (EVA), Equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV), and equine herpes viruses (EHV). To combat these diseases, it is imperative to understand their epidemiological aspects. So, the current review aims to highlight some epidemiological aspects including; causative agents, clinical forms, history, prevalence and geographical distribution, source of infection, and methods of transmission. The AHSV mainly causes pulmonary, and cardiac forms with high morbidity and mortality rates in Africa. The EIV is found all over the world and results in respiratory signs. The EVA has low morbidity and mortality rates and is mainly found in the Americas and Europe, its significance is due to the reproductive problems as abortion in mares and subfertility in stallions. The EIAV has low morbidity and mortality rates and causes long time course disease mainly of fever, and chronic anaemia or death. The EHVs are the current most important pathogens due to their endemicity all over the world and their high morbidity. It causes respiratory, abortion, neonatal, and sometimes neurological manifestations. Aerosols and body excretions are the main sources of infection with EIV, EVA, and EHV. Venereal EVA transmission occurs through natural breeding or artificial insemination with the semen of infected or carrier stallions. The spreading of arboviruses is greatly affected by the vector activity like the AHSV which transmitted by the Culicoide imicola biting midges, and the EIAV by family Tabanidae. In general, it is recommended to take all epidemiological measures, including vaccinations and vector control, to limit the spread of such diseases and reduce economic losses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological aspects of some equine viral diseases

Ata¹,

Shaapan²,

Ghazy³

et al. 2022

IJVS

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show abstract

“…Recently, many viruses passed over its origin places (12,13). Different risk factors including environmental, and managemental ones adding to those related to the host and causative agents were found to modulate the occurrence and spreading of equine viruses (14).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of evolutionary epidemiology in the determination of the risk factors associated with some equine viral diseases

Ata¹,

Shaapan²,

Nasr³

et al. 2022

IJVS

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The evolutionary epidemiology is crucial as it does not only help in tracking the origin, spreading, prediction, and control of viruses but also explains the failure causes of some vaccines and serological diagnostic tools. To keep animal welfare, it is essential to raise awareness of the multiple risk factors associated with the different epidemics. Arthropodborne viruses like African horse sickness virus (AHSV) and equine infectious anaemia virus (EIAV) are related to vectors multiplication. Accordingly, their seasonal occurrence was attributed to the environmental climatic conditions. While equine influenza virus (EIV) and equine herpes virus (EHV) were found to occur in winter and spring (foaling seasons), respectively. The management risk factors resulted in the occurrence and reactivation of latently infected cases. The RNA viruses are characterized by genetic assortment which results in increasing pathogenicity, and failure of the used vaccines. The EHVs able to establish infection in different host tissues adding to their immune evasion strategies. Most of the diseases occurred at the age over 2 years although the EIAV takes long time to appear. The hard work of males and other stress factors render them more liable for infection with equine viral arteritis (EVA), EIAV, and EHV. Genetically, some breeds of horses were at risk of AHSV, EVA, and EHV infection. Most of the donkeys, mules, and zebra develop subclinical forms that magnifies their role in the epidemiological situation. Different phenomena like overwintering in AHSV, hard work in EIV, virus hidden nature and latency in EHV should be more analysed.

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Predominance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among ESBL/plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing strains isolated from diarrheic foals: a public health concern

Samir,

Abdel-Moein,

Zaher

2024

Acta Vet Scand

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Background The upsurge of diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes carrying extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs)/plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) among animals constitutes an emerging threat for humans and animals. This study investigated the burden of ESBL-/pAmpC-producing diarrheagenic E. coli among diarrheic foals and its potential public health implications. Rectal swabs were collected from 80 diarrheic foals. These swabs were processed to isolate and identify ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli using a selective culture medium, biochemical tests, phenotypic identification, and molecular identification of ESBL- and pAmpC-encoding genes. Moreover, all ESBL-/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates were examined for different virulence genes related to diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes. Results Out of 80 examined foals, 26 (32.5%) were confirmed as ESBL-/pAmpC-producing E. coli, of which 14 (17.5%) animals carried only ESBL-producing E. coli, whereas 12 (15%) animals possessed ESBL-pAmpC-producing E. coli. The only detected diarrheagenic pathotype was enterotoxigenic, encoded by the heat-stable enterotoxin gene (ST) with a prevalence rate of 80.8% (21/26). The ST gene was further characterized where STa, STb, and STa + STb were found in one, four, and 16 strains, respectively. Moreover, all enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistance pattern. The phylogenetic analysis of 3 obtained partial STb sequences revealed high genetic relatedness to ETEC isolates retrieved from humans, conferring such sequences' public health significance. Conclusions These findings highlight that diarrheic foals could serve as a potential reservoir for multidrug-resistant ESBL-/pAmpC-producing enterotoxigenic E. coli.

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Bacteriological, Hematological and Biochemical Diagnostic Studies on Diarrheic Arabian Horse Foals Caused by Enterobacterial Infections

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Epidemiological aspects of some equine viral diseases

Epidemiological aspects of some equine viral diseases

Role of evolutionary epidemiology in the determination of the risk factors associated with some equine viral diseases

Predominance of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli among ESBL/plasmid-mediated AmpC-producing strains isolated from diarrheic foals: a public health concern

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