Bacteriological Criteria for Feeding Raw Breast-Milk to Babies on Neonatal Units

Bacteriological Screening of Donor Human Milk Before and After Holder Pasteurization

“…27 Fortunately, this report of raw donor milk use among preterm infants documented few adverse clinical effects, and, in addition, preterm mother's own milk was found to be similar to donor human milk in that both had bacterial colonization in the range of <10 5 CFU=mL. 27 This is consistent with our findings.…”

Human Milk Banking: Influence of Storage Processes and of Bacterial Contamination on Some Milk Constituents

“…Samples containing 105 CFU/ml or less were classified following the rec ommendations of Carroll ct al. [8]: class I: milk consid ered as sterile (no growth after overnight incubation); class II: milk containing saprophytes: class III: milk containing potential pathogens (Staphylococcus au reus, Enterococci, group B streptococci, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Samples con taining more than 105 CFU/ml were rejected because never used for nutrition.…”

“…Different ways of storing arc possible (refrigeration at 0-4°C, freezing at -20°C with or without pasteurization): up to now the bacterial content of milk determines the way it is stored. Bacterial contamination of human milk is common but the extent and type of contamination [8,9] vary. Human milk can be contaminated during collection, during preparation of the milk in the syringes and during administration, after bacterial growth in the milk kept at room temperature for 3-4 h when given to the babies.…”

“…The number of colony forming units/ml (CFU/ml) and the kind of bacteria allowed to be given to a baby in raw, refrigerated, frozen, or pasteurized human milk are not properly established [8,[10][11][12]. The time human milk can be kept refrigerated is not well known from the bacterial point of view: some human milk banks recommend a maximum of 24 h [13], others advise a maximum of 48 h [14] without any adverse effects and Sosa and Barness [15] have shown that a 5-day refrigera tion period is safe from a bacteriological point of view.…”

Microbial Contamination of Human Milk Purchased Via the Internet

“…31 In general, previous studies have revealed low proportions with coliform contamination (Enterobacter ,1%-7%, E coli 0%-2%, Klebsiella sp 0.4%-9%) compared with 44% of Internet samples here. 19,[32][33][34][35] Staphylococcus epidermidis and Viridans streptococci are common skin flora and not usually pathogenic. The prevalence of Staphylococcus sp in the …”