Bactericidal effect of chlorine on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in drinking water

Whan, Lynne; Grant, Irene R.; Ball, H.J.; Scott, Richard A.; Rowe, M.T.

doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2001.00987.x

Cited by 57 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For this reason provision of water pumped from a dam to clean water troughs may be preferable to allowing animals direct access to the dam, since they generally enter the water while drinking and disturb sediments. The duration of survival of the organism in water destined for human consumption and means of filtration or disinfection may also need to be addressed if the organism is found to be involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease (25,28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Whittington

Marsh

Reddacliff

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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In a previous longitudinal study, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis survived for 55 weeks in fecal material in the shade, but for much shorter periods in exposed locations. In this experiment, the survival of the organism was studied in 250 liters of dam water and sediment in large water troughs that were placed in either a semiexposed location or in a shaded location and compared to survival in fecal material and soil in the shaded location. Survival in water and/or sediment in the shade was for up to 48 weeks compared to 36 weeks in the semiexposed location. Survival in sediment was 12 to 26 weeks longer than survival in the water column. Survival in soil and fecal material in the terrestrial environment in the shaded location was only 12 weeks. Although disturbance to sediment could not be ruled out as a factor, there was evidence of dormancy in both the water column and the sediment, since the organism could not be recovered for several months before again becoming detectable. The results suggest that water may be a significant reservoir of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Further research on the biology of the organism in aquatic environments is warranted. Animal health authorities will need to provide appropriate advice to farmers to minimize exposure of livestock to potentially infected water sources. Survival of the organism in water destined for human consumption will need to be addressed if the organism is found to be involved in the etiology of Crohn's disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…paratuberculosis as the etiological agent of Crohn's disease in humans is the subject of debate in the literature (11,22), many authors have indicated the role of potable water as a source of M. avium complex infections for man (2,9,20,28). Consequently, data on the survival of the organism in water is relevant also to current research on Crohn's disease (25).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Whittington

Marsh

Reddacliff

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

120

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“…paratuberculosis completely (28). The transportation of bacteria from the farm environment to water sources is influenced by their attachment to soil or clay particles (11,12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorption ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisto Soil Particles

Dhand

Toribio

Whittington

2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Attachment of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis to soil particles could increase their availability to farm animals, as well as influence the transportation of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to water sources. To investigate the possibility of such attachment, we passed a known quantity of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis through chromatography columns packed with clay soil, sandy soil, pure silica, clay-silica mixture, or clay-silica complexes and measured the organisms recovered in the eluent using culture or quantitative PCR. Experiments were repeated using buffer at a range of pH levels with pure silica to investigate the effect of pH on M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis attachment. Linear mixed-model analyses were conducted to compare the proportional recovery of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the eluent between different substrates and pH levels. Of the organisms added to the columns, 83 to 100% were estimated to be retained in the columns after adjustment for those retained in empty control columns. The proportions recovered were significantly different across different substrates, with the retention being significantly greater (P < 0.05) in pure substrates (silica and clay-silica complexes) than in soil substrates (clay soil and sandy soil). However, there were no significant differences in the retention of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis between silica and clay-silica complexes or between clay soil and sandy soil. The proportion retained decreased with increasing pH in one of the experiments, indicating greater adsorption of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to soil particles at an acidic pH (P < 0.05). The results suggest that under experimental conditions M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis adsorbs to a range of soil particles, and this attachment is influenced by soil pH.

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“…The zoonotic concern is much to be apprehended since MAP is heat resistant and is capable of hiding inside white blood cells. It has also been reported to survive chlorination in municipal water supplies which might lead to the spread of infection to the humans [29,30]. Currently, the human medical community tends to ignore or be skeptical on an alleged role of MAP in human intestinal inflammatory disease [31,32].…”

Section: Zoonotic Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paratuberculosis: Diagnostic Methods and their Constraints

Mohana¹,

P²

2015

J Veterinar Sci Technol

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Paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) is a chronic intestinal disease of ruminants and the disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease has a prolonged pre-patent period and the clinical symptoms of the disease are apparent only during the later stages of the disease. However, the infected animal can shed the organism much before the clinical disease with the risk of spreading the disease to other susceptible animals. The disease manifestation is in four stages with each of these stages requiring a different diagnostic method. During the early stages of the disease Cell mediated immune response (CMI) is higher, and shedding of the organism and serum antibody response is absent or minimized. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response upon injection of Johnin purified protein derivative (Johnin PPD) in the skin of the animal and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) is the common CMI based tests for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis. As the disease progress, CMI response reduces and humoral response predominates with progressively increased shedding of the organism. ELISA based tests are commercially available to detect the MAP specific antibodies in serum or milk, and nucleic acid detection methods are used to identify the organism. However, all these CMI and humoral antibody based tests have advantages and disadvantages. It is essential to apply a combination of these tests to detect or rule out the disease in farms of endemic countries.

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Bactericidal effect of chlorine on Mycobacterium paratuberculosis in drinking water

Cited by 57 publications

References 21 publications

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Dam Water and Sediment

Adsorption ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisto Soil Particles

Paratuberculosis: Diagnostic Methods and their Constraints

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