Bacterial vaginosis: a public health review

Morris, Marianne; Nicoll, A; Simms, Ian; Wilson, Janet; Catchpole, Mike

doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00124.x

Cited by 124 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(115 reference statements)

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“…Chlamydial infection can be detected by using ligase chain reaction assay on a first pass urine or self administered vaginal swab.5 None of these tests have previously been used in women in early pregnancy in the community, and there are no data on the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection in this group. 67 We aimed to test the hypothesis that the risk of clinically recognised miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation is increased in women with bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection detected before 10 weeks' gestation. We also aimed to determine if the risk of miscarriage related to infection depends on duration of gestation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study

Oakeshott

Hay²,

Hay³

et al. 2002

BMJ

107

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study

Oakeshott

Hay²,

Hay³

et al. 2002

BMJ

107

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“…T he prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) in different populations around the world ranges between 10-30%, 1 making BV the most common health problem affecting women. In BV the vaginal flora are characterised by 1000-10 000-fold increased concentration of anaerobic bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis, Mycoplasma, and Mobiluncus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: need for validation of microscopic image area used for scoring bacterial morphotypes

Larsson

Carlsson²,

Fåhraeus³

et al. 2004

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Background: The diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) is often made according to Nugent's classification, a scoring system based on bacterial counting of Gram stained slides of vaginal secretion. However as the image area of the microscope field will influence the number of morphotypes seen there is a need to standardise the area. Methods: A graph intended for recalculation of number of bacterial morphotypes seen by the observer using 10006 magnification from various microscope set-ups was constructed and applied to data sets typical for scoring BV. The graph was used in recalculation of Nugent scores, which were also compared with the Ison/Hay scores to evaluate the consequences for the diagnosis of BV. Results: The observed image area differed by 300% among the investigated microscope set-ups. In two different data sets, one treatment study and one screening study, a considerable change in the number of women classified as intermediate was seen when the graph was used to standardise the image area. The recalculated numbers were also compared to the Ison/Hay classification. Weighted kappa indexes between the different methods were 0.84, 0.88, and 0.90, indicating that the methods are comparable. Conclusion: Because of the considerable differences among image areas covered by different microscope set-ups used in Nugent and Ison/Hay scoring, there is a need to standardise the area in order to reach comparable scores reflecting the diagnosis of BV in different laboratories. The differences in the intermediate group will have a considerable effect on the results from both treatment and prevalence studies, even though the kappa indexes indicate very good agreement between the methods used.

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“…This result is concurrent with that of Wang and Lin (21) and Chakrabarti et al (25) , who also demonstrated no obvious associations between vaginal Candida and cytologic changes (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia [CIN] I, II, III). Whereas koilocytosis and HPV infection are associated with an increased risk of developing squamous abnormalities (11)(12)(13)(14)31,32) and cytologic changes are found more often in women with bacterial infections (such as BV) (15,18,28) , vaginal Candida is not a cofactor in the development of cervical cancer. However, Guijon et al noted that C. vaginalis was present more often in women without CIN compared with women with CIN (24) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cervical inflammation has been proposed as an etiologic cofactor on the development of cervical cancer (15) . Although bacterial infections such as bacterial vaginosis (BV) might influence the risk for squamous abnormalities, this role has not yet been established for vulvovaginal Candida (16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Candidaand squamous (pre)neoplasia of immigrants and Dutch women as established in population‐based cervical screening

Engberts,

Vermeulen,

Verbruggen

et al. 2006

Int J Gynecol Cancer

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The objective of this study was to establish the relationship betweenCandida vaginalisand (pre)neoplasia and the prevalence ofCandidaand (pre)neoplasia related to age and ethnicity. Data were collected from 445,671 asymptomatic women invited for mass screening between 1995 and 2002 and coded according to the Dutch cervical smear coding system (KOPAC) with six grades for (pre)neoplastic changes. Prevalence and relative risks (RRs) were established forCandidaand squamous abnormalities in Dutch women and four groups of immigrants. The prevalence ofCandidais significantly higher in the cohort of 30-year-old women and lower in the cohorts of 45-, 50-, 55-, and 60-year-old women. The RR of havingCandidawas higher for Surinamese women (1.24; CI 1.08–1.42). Furthermore, the RR of having mild dysplasia was higher for Surinamese women (1.47; CI 1.14–1.89) and for women born in other countries than in The Netherlands, Turkey, and Morocco (1.36; CI 1.13–1.62). No statistically significant relationship between (pre)neoplasia andCandidawas observed.C. vaginalisis more frequent among Surinamese women. Presence ofCandidais not associated with an increased risk for squamous abnormalities; therefore, women carryingCandidaare not at an increased risk of developing cervical cancer.

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Bacterial vaginosis: a public health review

Cited by 124 publications

References 84 publications

Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study

Association between bacterial vaginosis or chlamydial infection and miscarriage before 16 weeks' gestation: prospective community based cohort study

Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: need for validation of microscopic image area used for scoring bacterial morphotypes

Candidaand squamous (pre)neoplasia of immigrants and Dutch women as established in population‐based cervical screening

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