Bacterial synthesized metal and metal salt nanoparticles in biomedical applications: An up and coming approach

Abstract

In the present scenario, metal nanoparticles have elicited a great deal of interest in biomedical applications because of their unique properties and antimicrobial potentials. Over the past few years, the green nanotechnology has materialized as a momentous approach for the synthesis and fabrication of noble metal salt and metal nanoparticles. The green route synthesis exploits diverse reducing and stabilizing agents from bacterial resources for the successful synthesis of metal nanoparticles. This review mainly focuses on the biosynthesis of the most commonly studied metal and metal salt nanoparticles such as gold, silver, platinum, palladium, copper, cadmium, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, zinc sulphate, cadmium sulphide and many more. These noble nanoparticles can be exploited in pharmaceutical industry as antimicrobial and anti‐biofilm agents, targeted delivery of anticancer drugs, biosensors, etc.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Antidiabetic Activities and Glucose Uptake through 2-NBDG by Hep-2 Liver Cancer Cells Treated with Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

“…Although a specific process for the reduction is unknown, some studies suggest that enzymes, such as NADH coenzyme reductase, are involved in the electron transfer (shuttle) to reduce or neutralize the Ag + ions into nanoparticles [ 33 , 34 ]. The biological approach used for the synthesis of various nanoparticles such as silver, gold, platinum, copper, cadmium, and zinc oxide showed excellent reduction and production of nanoparticles and contains various proteins and functional groups that stabilize the nanoparticles [ 35 ].…”

Enhanced Antibacterial and Anti-Biofilm Activities of Antimicrobial Peptides Modified Silver Nanoparticles

“…Metal nanoparticles interact with microorganisms through a variety of mechanisms which comprise the enzyme degradation, inactivation of major cellular proteins and impairment of genetic materials, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). 62 Siemer et al investigate that nanoparticles invade bacterial cells by changing the phospholipid composition of the cell membrane to adjust the surface charge. 63 Exploring more antimicrobial mechanisms of nanomaterials will help us more effectively eliminate bacterial infections in the future.…”

Recent Advancements in Plant- and Microbe-Mediated Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials and Their Emerging Antimicrobial Applications

“…Enzymes found in the supernatant of microbe cultures are employed to synthesize NPs by extracellular and intracellular paths. For extracellular enzymes, functional groups such as carboxylate (-COOH), amino (-NH 2 ), thiol (-SH), and alcohol (-OH) are present on the surface of the cell wall and provide signaling pathways to the precursor and reduce them to NPs as shown in Figure . Similarly, intracellular enzymes such as NADH reductase (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) transfer electrons from organic acids and vitamins to metal ions to produce NPs. , Au NPs are synthesized using fungal extract through NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase .…”

“…Possible mechanism involved in the synthesis of nanoparticles by bacterial reductase enzymes and extracellular proteins. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 John Wiley and Sons.…”