Bacterial Removal from Inexpensive Portable Water Treatment Systems for Travelers

Schlosser, O.; Robert, C.; Bourderioux, C.; Rey, M.; Roubín, Mirian Raposeiras

doi:10.2310/7060.2001.5143

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the present study, the activated carbon was either in the form of a thin layer or in a relatively small cartridge. Taking into account the purification techniques of individual filters, the results of aerobic bacteria removal and reduction in conductivity coincided with their theoretical purification capacities and with the results of earlier studies on some other drinking water purification filters (18,28).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…To ensure consumer safety, it is essential to compare the microbial and chemical purification capacities of different devices through independent evaluation tests (12,23). Data are available on the purification capacity of some filters, but usually these data are based on the capacity of the filters to remove microbial organisms, e.g., Escherichia coli, coliforms, or Cryptosporidium oocysts (15,26,28). There are some reports in which water purification devices or techniques were tested for elimination of microbial toxins, mainly cyanobacterial toxins (1-3, 17, 18, 25, 29, 33).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Elimination of Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Type B from Drinking Water by Small-Scale (Personal-Use) Water Purification Devices and Detection of BoNT in Water Samples

Hörman

Nevas

Lindström

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Seven small-scale drinking water purification devices were evaluated for their capacity to eliminate botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) type B from drinking water. Influent water inoculated with toxic Clostridium botulinum cultures and effluent purified water samples were tested for the presence of BoNT by using a standard mouse bioassay and two commercial rapid enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). The water purification devices based on filtration through ceramic or membrane filters with a pore size of 0.2 to 0.4 m or irradiation from a low-pressure UV-lamp (254 nm) failed to remove BoNT from raw water (reduction of <0

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elimination of Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Type B from Drinking Water by Small-Scale (Personal-Use) Water Purification Devices and Detection of BoNT in Water Samples

Hörman

Nevas

Lindström

et al. 2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Gyawali et al, (2016a) reported that the inactivated ova require up to 12 h to become permeable to the stains. Similar results of overestimation of viable ova using vital stain methods have already been reported by others (Nelson and Darby, 2001;Kato et al, 2001;Schlosser et al, 2001;O'Grady and Smith, 2002). In this study, the ova were stained for 5 min prior to the microscopic observation, which is acceptable for the vital stain method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Detection of viable hookworm ova from wastewater and sludge

Gyawali¹

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Infectious helminths are a worldwide major public health problem. In terms of morbidity, approximately 3 × 10 9 people are infected by soil-transmitted helminths (STHs) influencing rates of malnutrition and failure to thrive. All of this increases the global disease burden (GDB) by up to 5.9 × 10 6 Daily Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Helminth infections are more often seen as a major public health issue for developing countries however, concerns have been expressed in many of the developed nations because of the increased use of treated wastewater and sludge with no clear way of knowing the infection potential that can be attributed from such water.Guidelines have been established to minimise the potential public health risk associated with wastewater and sludge reuse. For example, the WHO guideline specified ≤ 1 ova (Ascaris lumbricoides) per L liquid (wastewater) or 4 g dry solid (sludge) for unrestricted use. Various wastewater treatment processes have been recommended to remove the helminths ova from wastewater depending upon its reuse. However, detection methods used to quantify viable helminths ova from wastewater has limitations. Therefore there is always a potential public health risk associated with reuse of wastewater and sludge.In this research, a real-time PCR method was developed. The new PCR method is rapid and specific. The method was found to be able to detect less than one ovum in one litre treated wastewater and approximately four ova in one litre raw wastewater and ~ 4 g sludge.The real-time PCR method was modified to a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method and further used to quantify hookworm ova from wastewater and sludge. The qPCR had estimated an average of 1.1, 8.6 and 67.3 ova for treated wastewater that was seeded with 1, 10 and 100 ova, respectively. The gene copy numbers obtained for 1, 10 and 100 ova by qPCR varied significantly (P < 0.05) within the tested samples indicating that absolute quantification of ova may not be accurate. Despite the difficulty quantifying accurate numbers of hookworm ova, the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the qPCR method was 30 gene copies. This was a lot less than the gene copies produced by one ovum. Therefore, the qPCR method has potential to use for complying with wastewater guidelines.. iiAlthough the overall aim of this research was to develop a sensitive and specific method for quantitative detection of viable hookworm ova from wastewater, the importance of recovering the ova from wastewater and sludge samples for accurate detection was identified. While determining appropriate recovery rates was not an aim of this research, a suitable method that could be used to standardise research outcomes for further study was established. Therefore, ova recovery rate by different rapid methods was evaluated for further experiments. The result indicated that the ova recovery rate was higher for the treated wastewater (0.2 -50%) than the raw wastewater (0.3 -35%) and sludge (0.02 -4.7%) samples. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed between...

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“…Cuando no se puede hervir el agua la alternativa es la desinfección con yodo o cloro que están disponibles en farmacias y algunos centros comerciales, siguiendo las instrucciones cuidadosamente, teniendo en cuenta que el yodo no es activo frente al Cryptosporidium 33,34 . Los filtros de agua son una alternativa al hervido o al uso de productos químicos.…”

Section: Selección De Bebidas Y Comidas Medidas De Seguridad Para Elunclassified

Diarrea del viajero

Socas

Alemán

Lirola

et al. 2006

Anales Sis San Navarra

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RESUMENLas enfermedades diarreicas causadas por la contaminación de agua y alimentos por enteropatógenos continúan siendo causa de importante morbilidad en los países con escaso nivel de desarrollo. Se estima alrededor de unos 50.000 casos diarios de diarreas del viajero en el mundo, siendo el principal motivo de consulta de los viajeros que regresan de zonas no desarrolladas. El principal determinante de riesgo es el lugar de destino, existiendo diferencias importantes entre las distintas regiones en cuanto al riesgo y la etiología de la diarrea. La causa más frecuente de diarreas es la bacteriana, que representa del 60 al 85% de los casos, los parásitos representan el 10% y un 5% están producidas por virus. Aunque habitualmente cursa de forma benigna, pueden aparecer complicaciones, siendo excepcional la mortalidad asociada esta enfermedad.La prevención se basa fundamentalmente en seguir estrictamente las medidas higiénicas elementales y evitar la ingesta de alimentos y bebidas con riesgo de contaminación. La profilaxis con antibióticos sólo se aconseja en viajes de corta duración, en los que el riesgo y/o gravedad de las diarreas, sobre todo en pacientes inmunosuprimidos, sean superiores a los posibles efectos colaterales. El tratamiento de la diarrea del viajero se basa en una adecuada hidratación y se reserva el uso de antimicrobianos para situaciones clínicas moderadas y graves, siendo las quinolonas el fármaco de elección. La rifaximina es un nuevo fárma-co aprobado para el tratamiento de las diarreas del viajero, sobre todo en áreas con enteropatógenos resistentes a las quinolonas.Palabras clave. Diarrea. Infecciones. Viajero. CDC. Rifaximin. ABSTRACTDiarrhoeic diseases caused by water and food contaminated by enteropathogens continue to be an important cause of morbidity in countries with a low level of development. Some 50,000 cases of diarrhoea in travellers are estimated in the world every day, and this is the main cause of consultation by travellers who return from undeveloped zones. The principal determinant of risk is the place of destination; there are significant differences between different regions with respect to risk and to the aetiology of the diarrhoea. The most frequent cause of diarrhoeas is of bacterial origin, which represents between 60 and 85% of the cases, while parasites represent 10% and some 5% are produced by viruses. Although it normally follows a benign course, complications can arise, with mortality being only exceptionally associated to this disease.Prevention is essentially based on strictly following elemental hygienic measures and avoiding the ingestion of foodstuffs and drinks with a risk of contamination. Prophylaxis with antibiotics is only advisable in journeys of short duration, in which the risk and/or seriousness of diarrhoeas, above all in immunosuppressed patients, are higher than the possible collateral effects. The treatment of diarrhoea in the traveller is based on adequate hydration, and the use of microbians is reserved for moderate and serious situations, w...

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Bacterial Removal from Inexpensive Portable Water Treatment Systems for Travelers

Cited by 24 publications

References 11 publications

Elimination of Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Type B from Drinking Water by Small-Scale (Personal-Use) Water Purification Devices and Detection of BoNT in Water Samples

Elimination of Botulinum Neurotoxin (BoNT) Type B from Drinking Water by Small-Scale (Personal-Use) Water Purification Devices and Detection of BoNT in Water Samples

Detection of viable hookworm ova from wastewater and sludge

Diarrea del viajero

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