Bacterial Production of Tetrodotoxin and Anhydrotetrodotoxin

Yasumoto, Takeshi; Yasumura, Daisuke; Yotsu, Mari; Michishita, Tooru; Endo, Amane; Kotaki, Yuichi

doi:10.1080/00021369.1986.10867470

Cited by 77 publications

(82 citation statements)

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“…Matsumura (1998) found that the toxin levels in embryos of F. niphobles increase from fertilization to hatching and concluded that TTX is produced by pufferfish. Other studies claimed that pufferfish accumulates TTX through the food chain (Yasumoto and Yotsu-Yamashita 1996;Noguchi et al 2006a), which is originally produced by marine bacteria belonging to the genera Vibrio and Shewanella (Noguchi et al 1986;Yasumoto et al 1986;Narita et al 1987;Matsui et al 1990). It is still unclear whether pufferfish synthesize TTX or accumulate from food organisms, however, there are some reports that pufferfish are attracted to the exogenous TTX.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Puffer smells tetrodotoxin

et al. 2013

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Behavioral observation was conducted to test whether olfaction is functional to detect tetrodotoxin (TTX) in tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes using Y-maze. We placed either agarose carrier or one agarose and one agarose containing TTX (200 MU) at each head of the channel of Y-maze. Then 3 non-toxic hatchery-reared juveniles (body length, 5.6 ± 0.4 cm, n = 18) were released into the Y-maze and pecking behavior to carrier was observed for 3 h. The same procedure was tested for olfactory ablated juveniles and for juveniles received sham operation. Juveniles showed significant selectivity to TTX, except for olfactory ablated juveniles. These results indicate that pufferfish detects TTX by olfactory organ.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Puffer smells tetrodotoxin

et al. 2013

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“…Following these pioneering studies, we have investigated the distribution of TTX in aquatic organisms, and detected TTX and/or its derivatives in ribbon worms (Ali et al 1990;Miyazawa et al 1988;Noguchi et al 1991), toxic xanthid crabs (Arakawa et al 1994a), Bangladeshi tree frogs , necrophagous marine snails (Taniyama et al 2009a), and so forth. In addition, almost at the same time when Yasumoto et al (1986) found TTX production by marine bacteria, we detected a TTX producing ability in marine bacteria including Vibrio that was separated from several species of TTXbearing organisms (Hwang et al 1989;Kungsuwan et al 1988;Noguchi and Arakawa 2008;Noguchi et al 1986aNoguchi et al , 1987a. As some examples of a series of such studies, we would like to introduce the separation of TTX derivatives from A. floridus inhabiting Kojima Islet of Ishigaki Island, Okinawa (Arakawa et al 1994a), toxicity and toxin profile of the necrophagous marine snail N. glans (Taniyama et al 2009a), and detection of TTX in cultured cells of marine bacteria (Noguchi and Arakawa 2008).…”

Section: -1 Detection Of Ttx or Its Derivatives In Several Aquatic mentioning

confidence: 81%

“…Shewanella alga and Alteromonas tetraodonis isolated from a red alga Jania sp. (Yasumoto et al 1986), Shewanella putrefaciens from the pufferfish T. niphobles (Matsui et al 1990), and some other marine bacteria isolated from TTX-bearing organisms ) also produce TTX.…”

Section: -1 Detection Of Ttx or Its Derivatives In Several Aquatic mentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Arakawa¹,

Takatani²,

Taniyama³

et al. 2017

Aqua-BioSci. Monogr. (ABSM)

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Keywordsunit) is defined as the amount of toxin required to kill a 20-g male mouse within 30 min after intraperitoneal administration], and the minimum lethal dose (MLD) for humans is estimated to be approximately 10000 MU (ª2 mg) (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001).The main symptoms of human intoxication include numbness of lips, tongue and the limbs, paresthesia, dysarthria, respiratory distress, and death is caused by respiratory failure in the most critical cases (Noguchi and Ebesu 2001). According to Toda et al. (2012), 651 incidents of TTX poisoning due to pufferfish have occurred in Japan, involving 976 patients and 56 deaths during the 22 years from 1989 to 2010. Many cases occurred during the winter season in coastal prefectures of the Seto Inland Sea, with "komonfugu" Takifugu poecilonotus, "mafugu" Takifugu porphyreus, "higanfugu" Takifugu pardalis, "shosaifugu" Takifugu Abstract Our many years of studies have provided a lot of information regarding distribution, accumulation mechanism, and physiologic functions of the natural toxins harbored by pufferfish. We detected tetrodotoxin (TTX) and/or its derivatives in several species of aquatic organisms including marine bacteria. This, along with the fact that pufferfish became non-toxic when they were reared with non-toxic feed, indicated that the toxification of pufferfish is of exogenous origin. Subsequently, we revealed by various TTX administration experiments using non-toxic cultured pufferfish that the TTX administered into the muscle or digestive tract rapidly transferred to the liver and skin, and that the toxin transfer to the gonads was largely different between male and female, suggesting the involvement of maturation in the internal kinetics of TTX. On the other hand, we visualized micro-distribution of TTX in the tissues of various TTX-bearing organisms using an immunohistochemical technique, giving a crucial insight to elucidate physiologic functions of TTX including the function as a defensive or offensive agent. Furthermore, we found that Southeast Asian freshwater pufferfish possess paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) as a main toxin, and that boxfish and Bangladeshi freshwater pufferfish bear a palytoxin (PLTX)-like toxin, and cause a rhabdomyolysis, which overturned the common sense that pufferfish toxin equals TTX.

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“…Shewanella alga and Alteromonas tetraodonis isolated from a red alga Jania sp. [76], Shewanella putrefaciens from a TTX-bearing marine puffer Takifugu niphobles [77], and some other marine bacteria isolated from TTX-bearing organisms [78] also produce TTX. …”

Section: Ttx Producersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

Noguch

Arakawa

2008

Marine Drugs

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Many pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae possess a potent neurotoxin, tetrodotoxin (TTX). In marine pufferfish species, toxicity is generally high in the liver and ovary, whereas in brackish water and freshwater species, toxicity is higher in the skin. In 1964, the toxin of the California newt was identified as TTX as well, and since then TTX has been detected in a variety of other organisms. TTX is produced primarily by marine bacteria, and pufferfish accumulate TTX via the food chain that begins with these bacteria. Consequently, pufferfish become non-toxic when they are fed TTX-free diets in an environment in which the invasion of TTX-bearing organisms is completely shut off. Although some researchers claim that the TTX of amphibians is endogenous, we believe that it also has an exogenous origin, i.e., from organisms consumed as food. TTX-bearing animals are equipped with a high tolerance to TTX, and thus retain or accumulate TTX possibly as a biologic defense substance. There have been many cases of human intoxication due to the ingestion of TTX-bearing pufferfish, mainly in Japan, China, and Taiwan, and several victims have died. Several cases of TTX intoxication due to the ingestion of small gastropods, including some lethal cases, were recently reported in China and Taiwan, revealing a serious public health issue.

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Bacterial Production of Tetrodotoxin and Anhydrotetrodotoxin

Cited by 77 publications

References 3 publications

Puffer smells tetrodotoxin

Puffer smells tetrodotoxin

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

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Bacterial Production of Tetrodotoxin and Anhydrotetrodotoxin

Cited by 77 publications

References 3 publications

Puffer smells tetrodotoxin

Puffer smells tetrodotoxin

Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions

Tetrodotoxin – Distribution and Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms, and Cases of Human Intoxication

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Toxins of Pufferfish—Distribution, Accumulation　Mechanism, and Physiologic Functions