Bacterial Pneumonia in Persons Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Abstract

Bacterial pneumonia is more frequent in HIV-positive persons than in seronegative controls, and the risk is highest among those with CD4 lymphocyte counts below 200 per cubic millimeter and among injection-drug users.

Nosocomial bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus infected subjects: incidence, risk factors and outcome

“…In particular, high nasal colonization of S. aureus (y50%) has been documented in HIV-infected subjects [20], especially in the advanced stage of HIV disease, with one report [21] suggesting a lower rate in patients who take trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole as prophylaxis against PCP. The role of P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli as important agents of severe NBP (often due to antibiotic resistant strains) in patients with HIV infection was con®rmed in accordance with other reports [7,9].…”

Lower respiratory tract infections among HIV positive and control group in Nepal

“…An abundance of research and literature has been dedicated to these opportunistic fungi, viruses, and parasites. Less attention has been given to the bacterial infections complicating the course of persons infected with HIV [4,8].…”

HIV-Associated Bacterial Pneumonia

“…The frequency of CAP has an inverse relationship with the CD4 cell count, occuring most commonly occurs when the CD4 cell count decreases and the median CD4 cell count when pneumonia occurs is said to be 200 cells/mm 3 [1]. It becomes particularly more common in cases with a CD4 cell count below 200 cells/mm 3 [47].…”

“…Among the specific risk factors for CAP in HIV infected individuals are cigarette and illicit drug smoking and IVI drug use, cigarette smoking being associated with an increased risk of up to 5-fold [1,[46][47][48]. Studies have suggested that cigarette smoking is associated with poorer virological and immunological responses to HAART and this may explain, at least partly, why patients on HAART have an ongoing increased risk of pneumonia [34,49,50].…”

“…Numerous studies attest to the negative impact of cigarette smoking and the positive benefit of smoking cessation [34,35,47,52,53].…”