Bacterial Nanocellulose for Medicine Regenerative

Abstract

<jats:p>Bacterial cellulose (BC) has established to be a remarkably versatile biomaterial and can be used in a wide variety of applied scientific endeavours, especially for medical devices. Nanocellulose, such as that produced by the bacteria Gluconacetobacter xylinus (bacterial cellulose, BC), is an emerging biomaterial with great potential in flexible radar absorbing materials, in scaffold for tissue regeneration, water treatment, and medical applications. Bacterial cellulose nanofibril bundles have excellent intrinsic properties due to their high crystallinity, which is higher than that generally recorded for macroscale natural fibers and is of the same order as the elastic modulus of glass fibers. Compared with cellulose from plants, BC also possesses higher water holding capacity, higher degree of polymerization (up to 8000), and a finer weblike network. In addition, BC is produced as a highly hydrated and relatively pure cellulose membrane, and therefore no chemical treatments are needed to remove lignin and hemicelluloses, as is the case for plant cellulose. Because of these characteristics, biomedical devices recently have gained a significant amount of attention because of an increased interest in tissue-engineered products for both wound care and the regeneration of damaged or diseased organs. Hydrophilic bacterial cellulose fibers of an average diameter of 50 nm are produced by the bacterium Acetobacter xylinum, using a fermentation process. The architecture of BC materials can be engineered over length scales ranging from nano to macro by controlling the biofabrication process. Moreover, the nanostructure and morphological similarities with collagen make BC attractive for cell immobilization and cell support. This review describes the fundamentals, purification, and morphological investigation of bacterial cellulose. Besides, microbial cellulose modification and how to increase the compatibility between cellulosic surfaces and a variety of plastic materials have been reported. Furthermore, provides deep knowledge of current and future applications of bacterial cellulose and their nanocomposites especially in the medical field.</jats:p>

Advanced Therapeutic Dressings for Effective Wound Healing—A Review

“…It is known to promote autolytic debridement, reduce pain, and accelerate granulation, ensuring effective wound healing. 45 Furthermore, therapeutically active wound dressings with modified cellulose can be prepared by coimmobilization with different active molecules such as enzymes, antioxidants, hormones, vitamins, and antimicrobial drugs. 44 Silk fibroin is another natural biopolymer with a highly repetitive amino acid sequence, which leads to the formation of a biomaterial with remarkable mechanical and biological characteristics.…”

“…Bacterial cellulose is used especially as a healing scaffold/matrix for chronic wound dressings because it possesses many of the characteristics of an ideal wound dressing. It is known to promote autolytic debridement, reduce pain, and accelerate granulation, ensuring effective wound healing . Furthermore, therapeutically active wound dressings with modified cellulose can be prepared by coimmobilization with different active molecules such as enzymes, antioxidants, hormones, vitamins, and antimicrobial drugs .…”

Nature‐derived fibrous nanomaterial toward biomedicine and environmental remediation: Today's state and future prospects

“…Analyses on the continuous release of Ag + ion at 37 °C for 3 days exhibited high biocompatibility according to in vitro cytotoxicity test results of cell viability >95% after 48 h of incubation, representing 99.2 and 100% significant antibacterial activity of against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , respectively . Figure represents a healing process of diabetic ulcer by a wound dressing material of Nanoskin, produced by Innovatec …”

Nanoderm Extracellular Matrix for Reconstructive Surgery Applications

“…BC hydrogel or BC in dry state is then obtained by methods, such as freeze-drying [9,10]. The structural features of microbial cellulose, its properties and compatibility as a biomaterial for regenerative medicine can be changed by modifying its culture medium [11], or surface modification by physical [12,13], chemical methods [14] and genetic modifications [15], to obtain a biomaterial with less rejection when in contact to the body [16,17]. …”