“…This evolutionary process has allowed several bacterial pathogens to develop a broader repertoire of mechanisms to obtain vital nutrients like transition metals, glucose, free peptides, and lipoic acid compared to nonpathogenic bacteria [10, 12, 13]. Furthermore, some bacterial pathogens possess remarkable mechanisms to detect and respond to oxygen levels within the host, switching between respiration and fermentation as needed [10, 14, 15]. Thus, many bacterial pathogens have a flexible metabolism, which helps overcome nutrient limitations within the human body and evade immune defenses [9].…”