Bacterial lipoxygenases, a new subfamily of enzymes? A phylogenetic approach

Abstract

Lipoxygenases (EC. 1.13.11.12) are a non-heme iron enzymes consisting of one polypeptide chain folded into two domains, the N-terminal domain and the catalytic moiety β-barrel domain. They catalyze the dioxygenation of 1Z,4Z-pentadiene moieties of polyunsaturated fatty acids obtaining hydroperoxy fatty acids. For years, the presence of lipoxygenases was considered a eukaryotic feature, present in mammals, plants, small marine invertebrates, and fungi, but now, some lipoxygenase sequences have been detected on prokaryotic organisms, changing the idea that lipoxygenases are exclusively a eukaryotic affair. Lipoxygenases are involved in different types of reactions on eukaryote organisms where the biological role and the structural characteristics of these enzymes are well studied. However, these aspects of the bacterial lipoxygenases have not yet been elucidated and are unknown. This revision discusses biochemical aspects, biological applications, and some characteristics of these enzymes and tries to determine the existence of a subfamily of bacterial lipoxygenases in the context of the phylogeny of prokaryotic lipoxygenases, supporting the results of phylogenetic analyzes with the comparison and discussion of structural information of the first prokaryotic lipoxygenase crystallized and other eukaryotic lipoxygenases structures.

Expression and characterization of manganese lipoxygenase of the rice blast fungus reveals prominent sequential lipoxygenation of α-linolenic acid

“…Mycelia of M. oryzae metabolize linoleic acid sequentially to 8R-hydroperoxy-and 7S,8S-dihydroxylinoleic acids by linoleate 7,8-diol synthase (7,. Gene deletion of 7,8-LDS does not impair rice infection (12).…”

Catalytic Multiplicity of 15-Lipoxygenase-1 Orthologs (ALOX15) of Different Species

“…LOX-isoforms occur in bacteria [24] but they are not widely distributed [5]. A rough estimate of the occurrence frequency of LOX genes in bacteria suggested that among the bacterial genomes sequenced to date, <0.5 % carry potential LOX genes.…”

Industrial potential of lipoxygenases

“…Lipoxygenases (LOX) are found in a wide variety of organisms throughout the Planta, Animalia, Bacteria and Fungi kingdoms (Gilbert et al, 2011;Hansen et al, 2013;Nemchenko et al, 2006;Oliw, 2002). LOXs are iron-or manganese-containing dioxygenases that catalyze the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) into the corresponding hydroperoxides called oxylipins (Mita et al, 2007).…”

“…These oxylipins have important signaling functions in many organisms, though the language of oxylipins is not fully understood. Fungal LOXs are involved in an interaction between plants and fungi by using the LOX signaling pathway to infect plant tissue (Hansen et al, 2013;Tsitsigiannis et al, 2005). Oxylipins are also reported to have a role in antimicrobial or defense mechanisms in plants and animals, in animal cell division, and to play a role in plant seed germination (Feussner et al, 2001;Peters-Golden, 1998;Pidgeon et al, 2007;Prost et al, 2005).…”

“…So far, LOXs have been found in Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Cyanothece sp., Anabaena sp. and Myxococcus xanthus (Andreou et al, 2010;Goldman et al, 2006;Hansen et al, 2013;Vidal-Mas et al, 2005;Zheng et al, 2008). The only Gram-positive bacteria known so far to have LOXs are Streptomyces canosus and Streptomyces massasporeus (Hansen et al, 2013).…”