Bacterial lipopolysaccharide is associated with stroke

Abstract

We aimed to determine if plasma levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) are associated with different causes of stroke and correlate with C-reactive protein (CRP), LPS-binding protein (LBP), and the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS). Ischemic stroke (cardioembolic (CE), large artery atherosclerosis (LAA), small vessel occlusion (SVO)), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), transient ischemic attack (TIA) and control subjects were compared (n = 205). Plasma LPS, LTA, CRP, and LBP levels were quantified by ELISA. LPS and CRP levels were elevated in ischemic strokes (CE, LAA, SVO) and ICH compared to controls. LBP levels were elevated in ischemic strokes (CE, LAA) and ICH. LTA levels were increased in SVO stroke compared to TIA but not controls. LPS levels correlated with CRP and LBP levels in stroke and TIA. LPS, LBP and CRP levels positively correlated with the NIHSS and WBC count but negatively correlated with total cholesterol. Plasma LPS and LBP associate with major causes of ischemic stroke and with ICH, whereas LPS/LBP do not associate with TIAs. LTA only associated with SVO stroke. LPS positively correlated with CRP, LBP, and WBC but negatively correlated with cholesterol. Higher LPS levels were associated with worse stroke outcomes.

Identifying the Involvement of Pro-Inflammatory Signal in Hippocampal Gene Expression Changes after Experimental Ischemia: Transcriptome-Wide Analysis

“…Among the 10 genes mentioned above, the increase in expression of Lbp (lipopolysaccharide binding protein), Cd14 (CD14 molecule), and Lgals3 (galectin 3) is likely related to an activation of microglial cells through Tlrs. An initiation of the Tlr signaling can occur through transfer of bacterial LPS, particularly as plasma levels of LPS are elevated in ischemic stroke [ 5 , 28 ], by Lbp to a receptor complex that localizes on microglia and includes Tlrs (the most known Tlr4) and co-receptor CD14. Expression of another gene, Lgals3 , was related to microglial activation in experimental ischemia in gerbils [ 29 ].…”

White matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism, and APP/Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology: A hypothesis and review

“…Aging is also associated with increases of cytokines, chemokines, lipopolysaccharide (Hakoupian et al, 2021), inflammation and increased oxidative stress that contribute to white matter injury (Altendahl et al, 2020). Indeed, T cell infiltration of white matter is associated with cognitive decline as normal monkeys age (Batterman et al, 2021).…”

Lipopolysaccharide, Identified Using an Antibody and by PAS Staining, Is Associated With Corpora amylacea and White Matter Injury in Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Brain

“…CRP is a plasma acute-phase protein whose concentrations increase in response to inflammation. Our recent study has demonstrated that plasma LPS levels positively correlated with plasma CRP levels in humans (Hakoupian et al, 2021 ). Other studies demonstrated that CRP levels are elevated in blood years before the onset of AD (Schmidt et al, 2002 ; Engelhart et al, 2004 ), and plasma CRP levels are higher in patients with AD compared to controls (Song et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Lipopolysaccharides are the major components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and are potent inflammatory agents. LPS has been identified in human blood (Klimiec et al, 2016(Klimiec et al, , 2018Hakoupian et al, 2021) and brains (Zhan et al, 2016(Zhan et al, , 2018 with higher levels of LPS in blood (Zhang et al, 2009) and brains (Zhan et al, 2016(Zhan et al, , 2018Zhao et al, 2017) of AD compared to controls. CRP is a plasma acute-phase protein whose concentrations increase in response to inflammation.…”