Bacterial Interference among Strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Man

Aly, Raza; Maibach, Howard I.; Shinefield, Henry R.; Mandel, Adrian D.; Strauss, Walter G.

doi:10.1093/infdis/129.6.720

Cited by 75 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Rare strain replacement and infrequent cocolonization of one human host with multiple strains (12) imply that one strain is usually able to completely monopolize its host, probably by competitive exclusion (1,13). Interference due to agr types, as has been proposed by Massey et al (9), cannot explain our results; if this were important, we would have observed cocolonization and replacement with different strains belonging to the same agr types (9).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Ecological Temporal Stability of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage

et al. 2010

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We described the colonization dynamics of Staphylococcus aureus in a group of 266 healthy carriers over a period of approximately 1 year. We used precise genotyping methods, i.e., amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), spa typing, and double-locus sequence typing (DLST), to detect changes in strain identity. Strain change took place rather rarely: out of 89 carriers who had initially been colonized, only 7 acquired a strain different from the original one. Approximately one-third of the carriers eliminated the colonization, and a similar number became newly colonized. Some of these events probably represent detection failure rather than genuine colonization loss or acquisition. Lower bacterial counts were associated with increased probability of eliminating the colonization. We have confirmed a high mutation rate in the spa locus: 6 out of 53 strains underwent mutation in the spa locus. There was no overall change in S. aureus genotype composition.Staphylococcus aureus is an important human pathogen responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, but it also asymptomatically colonizes a large fraction of humans (20 to 60%). Although most carriers never experience health problems related to colonization, it is estimated that 80% of infections with S. aureus are endogenous, i.e., caused by the colonizing strain (19,20). Understanding of the interplay between nasal carriage and infection with S. aureus is far from complete. For example, it is not known whether prior nasal carriage of S. aureus (methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA]) might prevent hospital-acquired colonization and subsequent infection with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).Particularly little is known about persistence and transmission. Many studies have described temporal patterns of carriage, but only a handful explicitly monitored the temporal changes in strain identity (17,18). Persistence and transmissibility should be the main determinants of long-term fitness of S. aureus. Low transmission of S. aureus in comparison with other staphylococcal human colonizers such as S. epidermidis has been suggested to play a major role in its evolutionary increase in virulence (9). Moreover, the differences in transmissibility can have implications for human health care. For example, MRSA with superb transmission abilities might be much more problematic than virulent MRSA with low transmission.Explicit studies of transmission of S. aureus are difficult for logistic reasons, but those which have been carried out have brought interesting insights. For example, Peacock et al. (11) have found that for healthy newborn babies the primary source of S. aureus is the mother. Documenting the persistence of a bacterial strain in a human host requires longitudinal sampling and precise genotyping of bacterial strains.Here we have documented the colonization dynamics of healthy adult carriers with S. aureus strains. We have also explored host and bacterial characteristics responsible for differences in persistence. In addition, we have ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 48%

Ecological Temporal Stability of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage

et al. 2010

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“…61,62 However, generally such effects seem to us to require a high level of coincidental circumstances in order to provide explanations for reductions in transmission over short timescales outside specialist units.…”

Section: Other Ecological Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic review of isolation policies in the hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the literature with epidemiological and economic modelling

Cooper

Stone²,

Kibbler³

et al. 2003

Health Technol Assess

207

102

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Non-UK purchasers will have to pay a small fee for post and packing. For European countries the cost is £2 per monograph and for the rest of the world £3 per monograph.You can order HTA monographs from our Despatch Agents:-fax (with credit card or official purchase order) -post (with credit card or official purchase order or cheque) -phone during office hours (credit card only).Additionally the HTA website allows you either to pay securely by credit card or to print out your order and then post or fax it. NHS libraries can subscribe free of charge. Public libraries can subscribe at a very reduced cost of £100 for each volume (normally comprising 30-40 titles). The commercial subscription rate is £300 per volume. Please see our website for details. Subscriptions can only be purchased for the current or forthcoming volume. Contact details are as follows: Payment methods Paying by chequeIf you pay by cheque, the cheque must be in pounds sterling, made payable to Direct Mail Works Ltd and drawn on a bank with a UK address. Paying by credit cardThe following cards are accepted by phone, fax, post or via the website ordering pages: Delta, Eurocard, Mastercard, Solo, Switch and Visa. We advise against sending credit card details in a plain email. Paying by official purchase orderYou can post or fax these, but they must be from public bodies (i.e. NHS or universities) within the UK.We cannot at present accept purchase orders from commercial companies or from outside the UK. How do I get a copy of HTA on CD?Please use the form on the HTA website (www.hta.ac.uk/htacd.htm). Or contact Direct Mail Works (see contact details above) by email, post, fax or phone. HTA on CD is currently free of charge worldwide.The website also provides information about the HTA Programme and lists the membership of the various committees. HTA NHS R&D HTA ProgrammeT he NHS R&D Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme was set up in 1993 to ensure that high-quality research information on the costs, effectiveness and broader impact of health technologies is produced in the most efficient way for those who use, manage and provide care in the NHS.Initially, six HTA panels (pharmaceuticals, acute sector, primary and community care, diagnostics and imaging, population screening, methodology) helped to set the research priorities for the HTA Programme. However, during the past few years there have been a number of changes in and around NHS R&D, such as the establishment of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the creation of three new research programmes: Service Delivery and Organisation (SDO); New and Emerging Applications of Technology (NEAT); and the Methodology Programme.This has meant that the HTA panels can now focus more explicitly on health technologies ('health technologies' are broadly defined to include all interventions used to promote health, prevent and treat disease, and improve rehabilitation and long-term care) rather than settings of care. Therefore the panel structure was replaced in 2000 by three new pane...

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“…Bacterial interference, using S. aureus strain 502A, was used successfully in human nurseries to curtail epidemics of S. aureus infection and to interrupt cycles of recurrent furunculosis in adult humans (Aly et al, 1974). Staphylococcus epidermidis has been used successfully when administered by aerosol, both experimentally and in larger-scale control programmes, to reduce the incidence of S. aureus infections in turkeys Nicoll & Jensen, 1987b).…”

Section: Bacterial Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

McNamee¹,

Smyth²

2000

Avian Pathology

139

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Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis (BCO) in chickens was first reported in 1972 and is now recognized as an important cause of lameness in broiler chickens. Recent systematic studies of causes of lameness in birds reared in Northern Ireland have shown that it was the most common cause of lameness, being present in 17.3% of lame birds. Furthermore, it was also detected in birds presented as "found dead". Overall losses in male birds due to BCO were estimated to be 0.75% of all birds placed, which, in addition to welfare concerns, represents considerable economic loss. The disease has been seen in birds ranging from 14 to 70 days of age, but most cases occurred around 35 days old. It is most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, but Escherichia coli, coagulase-negativ e staphylococci and Enterococcus spp. are sometimes involved, as are, rarely, other bacteria. The lesions are most commonly found associated with the growth plates of long bones, particularly the proximal growth plate of the femur and tibiotarsus, but other bones may also be affected. Since lesions were visible to the naked eye in only 40 to 67% of cases, histological examination is recommended where no lesions are visible macroscopically. As the lesion may be present in only one growth plate, and because histological examination is often not carried out, BCO is almost certainly underdiagnosed. The exact pathogenesis of the condition is unknown, but it is thought that adherence of blood-borne bacteria to exposed cartilage at the tips of metaphyseal blood vessels is fundamental. Under controlled experimental conditions, infection of birds with the immunosuppressive viruses chicken anaemia virus and infectious bursal disease virus increased the incidence of the disease, while restricting feed intake reduced the incidence of disease. S. aureus strains identical to, or closely related to, isolates recovered from naturally occurring cases of the disease (as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis) have been recovered from fluff-debris in hatcheries, and also from the environment of breeding flocks, indicating that infection in the breeding farm and in the hatchery could be an important source of infection. It has also been shown that humans can carry poultry strains of S. aureus on their hands. There is a higher incidence of BCO in birds hatched from floor eggs. Thus, hygiene and management practice on breeder farms and in the hatchery may influence the occurrence of the disease. Bacteraemia is a prerequisite for BCO. Indeed, in some flocks suffering losses due to BCO, there are also losses due to staphylococcal septicaemia. Thus, appropriate treatment of affected flocks should reduce losses due to septicaemia. It should also reduce the occurrence of bacteraemia and the development of further cases of BCO. However, birds in which BCO has already developed, are unlikely to respond to treatment. Control of BCO by vaccination seems unlikely in the short term. Simple bacterins have not been effective and much basic research is needed to i...

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Bacterial Interference among Strains of Staphylococcus aureus in Man

Cited by 75 publications

References 13 publications

Ecological Temporal Stability of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage

Ecological Temporal Stability of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage

Systematic review of isolation policies in the hospital management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a review of the literature with epidemiological and economic modelling

Bacterial chondronecrosis with osteomyelitis ('femoral head necrosis') of broiler chickens: A review

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