Bacterial Infection and Trachoma in The Gambia: A Case–Control Study

Burton, Matthew J.; Adegbola, Richard A.; Kinteh, Fabakary; Ikumapayi, Usman N.; Foster, Allen; Mabey, David; Bailey, Robin L.

doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0315

Cited by 33 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…These genes also showed a clearly progressive increase in expression with increasing IVCM connective tissue organization grade. We found infection with C. trachomatis to be infrequent in these adults with conjunctival scarring, with a similar detection rate to previous studies of trachomatous trichiasis (8,11,13). While caution is needed in interpreting these data because of the small numbers, individuals infected with C. trachomatis had gene expression profiles characteristic of C. trachomatis infection in children (9,46).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Innate Immune Responses and Modified Extracellular Matrix Regulation Characterize Bacterial Infection and Cellular/Connective Tissue Changes in Scarring Trachoma

Weiss

Ramadhani

et al. 2012

Infect Immun

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trachoma is the most common infectious cause of blindness and a major public health problem in many developing countries. It is caused by recurrent ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis in childhood, with conjunctival scarring seen later in life. The pathogenesis of trachomatous scarring, however, is poorly understood, and this study was carried out to investigate the immunofibrogenic correlates of trachomatous conjunctival scarring. A case-control study of 363 cases with conjunctival scarring and 363 control participants was conducted. Investigations included in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) assessment, quantitative real-time PCR gene expression, C. trachomatis detection, and nonchlamydial bacterial culture. Trachomatous scarring was found to be strongly associated with a proinflammatory, innate immune response with increased expression of psoriasin, interleukin-1␤, tumor necrosis factor alpha, defensin-␤4A, chemokine ligand 5, and serum amyloid A1. There was also differential expression of various modifiers of the extracellular matrix, including metalloproteinases 7, 9, 10, and 12, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, and secreted protein acidic cystein-rich-like 1. The expression of many of these genes was also significantly associated with the presence of nonchlamydial bacterial infection. These infections had a marked effect on conjunctival immune processes, including an increased inflammatory infiltrate and edema seen with IVCM. This study supports the possibility that the immunofibrogenic response in scarring trachoma is partly stimulated by nonchlamydial bacterial infection, which is characterized by the expression of innate factors.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Innate Immune Responses and Modified Extracellular Matrix Regulation Characterize Bacterial Infection and Cellular/Connective Tissue Changes in Scarring Trachoma

Weiss

Ramadhani

et al. 2012

Infect Immun

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Individuals with TT or conjunctival scarring (TS) are at increased risk of nonchlamydial bacterial infection, which has been associated with clinically visible conjunctival inflammation. (8,12). In the present study we found increased expression of proinflammatory mediators in cases (S100A7, S100A12, CXCL5, CCL20, IL1B, and SAA1).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Conjunctival Transcriptome in Scarring Trachoma

et al. 2011

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Trachoma is a poorly understood immunofibrogenic disease process, initiated by Chlamydia trachomatis. Differences in conjunctival gene expression profiles between Ethiopians with trachomatous trichiasis (with [TTI] or without [TT] inflammation) and controls (C) were investigated to identify relevant host responses.Tarsal conjunctival swab samples were collected for RNA isolation and C. trachomatis PCR. Transcriptomewide microarray experiments were conducted on 42 samples (TTI, n ‫؍‬ 13; TT, n ‫؍‬ 15; C, n ‫.)41؍‬ Specific results were confirmed by using multiplex quantitative reverse transcription-PCR for 16 mRNA targets in an independent collection of case-control samples: 386 case-control pairs (TTI, n ‫؍‬ 244; TT, n ‫؍‬ 142; C, n ‫؍‬ 386). The gene expression profiles of cases were consistent with squamous metaplasia (keratins, SPRR), proinflammatory cytokine production (IL1␤, CXCL5, and S100A7), and tissue remodeling (MMP7, MMP9, MMP12, and HAS3). There was no difference in the level of IFN␥ between cases and controls. However, cases had increased INDO, NOS2A, and IL13RA2 and reduced IL13. C. trachomatis was detected in 1/772. Cases show evidence of ongoing inflammation and tissue remodeling, which were more marked where clinical inflammation was also present. Significantly, these processes appear to be active in the absence of current C. trachomatis infection. There was limited evidence of a T H 1 response (INDO and NOS2A) and no association between a T H 2 response and cases. The epithelium appears to be actively involved in late cicatricial stages of trachoma through the production of proinflammatory factors (IL1␤, CXCL5, and S100A7). Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate which etiological factors and pathways are associated with progressive scarring and whether simply controlling chlamydial infection will halt progression in people with established cicatricial disease.

show abstract

“…[4][5][6] Casecontrol studies have shown that conjunctival bacterial infection is associated with trichiasis and conjunctival scarring, although the significance of this bacterial growth is unclear. 7,8 Eyelashes touching the globe (i.e., trichiasis) could provide a direct route for environmental pathogens to gain entry to the conjunctiva or cornea. Once these organisms colonize the conjunctiva, they may increase the risk for corneal infections, which could explain the increased incidence of corneal opacities in patients with trichiasis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Conjunctival Bacterial Infection and Female Sex in Cicatricial Trachoma

Cevallos¹,

Whitcher²,

Melese

et al. 2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In a region of Ethiopia with endemic trachoma, conjunctival bacterial growth was more common in females than that in males. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae, both of which frequently colonize the nasopharynx of children, were more common in females, suggesting that the preponderance of infection in females may be attributable to close contact with children. This finding is consistent with the theory that childcare activities may preferentially expose females to ocular chlamydial infection. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00221364.).

show abstract

Bacterial Infection and Trachoma in The Gambia: A Case–Control Study

Cited by 33 publications

References 16 publications

Innate Immune Responses and Modified Extracellular Matrix Regulation Characterize Bacterial Infection and Cellular/Connective Tissue Changes in Scarring Trachoma

Innate Immune Responses and Modified Extracellular Matrix Regulation Characterize Bacterial Infection and Cellular/Connective Tissue Changes in Scarring Trachoma

Conjunctival Transcriptome in Scarring Trachoma

Association of Conjunctival Bacterial Infection and Female Sex in Cicatricial Trachoma

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About