Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides

Bazaka, Kateryna; Crawford, Russell J.; Nazarenko, Evgeny L.; Ivanova, Elena P.

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0940-9_13

“…Functional roles of CPS and EPS encompass survival under harsh conditions (e.g., desiccation), the establishment of symbiotic and pathogenic interactions with the host, protection of bacteria from recognition by the host immune system, and biofilm formation (EPSs are important components of the extracellular matrix) (126)(127)(128)(129)(130). Microbial CPSs are also of interest for the pharmaceutical industry, as the heterologous addition of CPS structures to proteins can prolong the in vivo half-life of proteins such as insulin, which was modified via glycation (i.e., the nonenzymatic addition of glycans) with polysialic acids (131).…”

Section: Fig 5 Eps and Cps Biosynthesis Pathways (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Tytgat

¹

,

Lebeer

²

2014

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

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SUMMARY Humans have been increasingly recognized as being superorganisms, living in close contact with a microbiota on all their mucosal surfaces. However, most studies on the human microbiota have focused on gaining comprehensive insights into the composition of the microbiota under different health conditions (e.g., enterotypes), while there is also a need for detailed knowledge of the different molecules that mediate interactions with the host. Glycoconjugates are an interesting class of molecules for detailed studies, as they form a strain-specific barcode on the surface of bacteria, mediating specific interactions with the host. Strikingly, most glycoconjugates are synthesized by similar biosynthesis mechanisms. Bacteria can produce their major glycoconjugates by using a sequential or an en bloc mechanism, with both mechanistic options coexisting in many species for different macromolecules. In this review, these common themes are conceptualized and illustrated for all major classes of known bacterial glycoconjugates, with a special focus on the rather recently emergent field of glycosylated proteins. We describe the biosynthesis and importance of glycoconjugates in both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria and in both Gram-positive and -negative organisms. The focus lies on microorganisms important for human physiology. In addition, the potential for a better knowledge of bacterial glycoconjugates in the emerging field of glycoengineering and other perspectives is discussed.

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“…While many of the ORFs in these orthology groups encode hypothetical proteins, a large number of genes show homology to genes involved in polysaccharide capsule synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus and members of the genus Streptococcus. Extracellular capsular polysaccharides are involved in resistance to desiccation, protection against non-specific and specific host immunity, and adherence (Bazaka et al, 2011). Overall, 91 % of the Listeria fleischmannii subsp.…”

Section: Phenotypic Characteristics Of Listeria-like Isolatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome sequencing identifies Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov., isolated from a ranch

Bakker

¹

,

Manuel

²

,

Fortes

³

et al. 2013

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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Twenty Listeria -like isolates were obtained from environmental samples collected on a cattle ranch in northern Colorado; all of these isolates were found to share an identical partial sigB sequence, suggesting close relatedness. The isolates were similar to members of the genus Listeria in that they were Gram-stain-positive, short rods, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive; the isolates were similar to Listeria fleischmannii because they were non-motile at 25 °C. 16S rRNA gene sequencing for representative isolates and whole genome sequencing for one isolate was performed. The genome of the type strain of Listeria fleischmannii (strain LU2006-1T) was also sequenced. The draft genomes were very similar in size and the average MUMmer nucleotide identity across 91 % of the genomes was 95.16 %. Genome sequence data were used to design primers for a six-gene multi-locus sequence analysis (MLSA) scheme. Phylogenies based on (i) the near-complete 16S rRNA gene, (ii) 31 core genes and (iii) six housekeeping genes illustrated the close relationship of these Listeria -like isolates to Listeria fleischmannii LU2006-1T. Sufficient genetic divergence of the Listeria -like isolates from the type strain of Listeria fleischmannii and differing phenotypic characteristics warrant these isolates to be classified as members of a distinct infraspecific taxon, for which the name Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TTU M1-001T ( = BAA-2414T = DSM 25391T). The isolates of Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov. differ from the nominate subspecies by the inability to utilize melezitose, turanose and sucrose, and the ability to utilize inositol. The results also demonstrate the utility of whole genome sequencing to facilitate identification of novel taxa within a well-described genus. The genomes of both subspecies of Listeria fleischmannii contained putative enhancin genes; the Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov. genome also encoded a putative mosquitocidal toxin. The presence of these genes suggests possible adaptation to an insect host, and further studies are needed to probe niche adaptation of Listeria fleischmannii .

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“…The abiotic surface of the implant presents a suitable ground for colonization by human pathogenic bacteria. Once attached to the surface of the device, the bacterial cells may form a three dimensional biofilm, which serves as a protection barrier against detachment, predation by host immune cells and significantly reduces the efficacy of most systemic antibiotics [44,45].…”

Section: Figure 1 (A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Implantable Devices: Issues and Challenges

Bazaka

¹

,

Jacob

²

2012

Self Cite

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Ageing population and a multitude of neurological and cardiovascular illnesses that cannot be mitigated by medication alone have resulted in a significant growth in the number of patients that require implantable electronic devices. These range from sensors, gastric and cardiac pacemakers, cardioverter defibrillators, to deep brain, nerve, and bone stimulators. Long-term implants present specific engineering challenges, including low energy consumption and stable performance. Resorbable electronics may offer excellent short-term performance without the need for surgical removal. However, most electronic materials have poor bio-and cytocompatibility, resulting in immune reactions and infections. This paper reviews the current situation and highlights challenges for future advancements.

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Bacterial Extracellular Polysaccharides

Cited by 94 publications

References 81 publications

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

The Sweet Tooth of Bacteria: Common Themes in Bacterial Glycoconjugates

Genome sequencing identifies Listeria fleischmannii subsp. coloradonensis subsp. nov., isolated from a ranch

Implantable Devices: Issues and Challenges

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