Abstract:Microbes produce a biofilm matrix consisting of proteins, extracellular DNA, and polysaccharides that is integral in the formation of bacterial communities. Historical studies of polysaccharides revealed that their overproduction often alters the colony morphology and can be diagnostic in identifying certain species. The polysaccharide component of the matrix can provide many diverse benefits to the cells in the biofilm, including adhesion, protection, and structure. Aggregative polysaccharides act as molecula… Show more
“…In fact, these are one of the key phagocytic cells in the lung capillaries (23). We observed by flow cytometry that 5%-15% of CD45-positive cells in the lungs are neutrophils at steady state phage and neutrophil recognition of the bacteria (15,16). Indeed, P. aeruginosa Psl prevented phagocytosis and oxidant production in neutrophils (16).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…The T3S injectisome has been shown to aid P. aeruginosa colonization of the host in a variety of ways, including systemic spread of the pathogen and the sequestration of P. aeruginosa in nonacidic vacuoles in corneal epithelial cells (12)(13)(14). Psl exopolysaccharide, on the other hand, is a serotype-independent and abundantly expressed extracellular sugar polymer implicated in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation (15). Psl has been implicated in preventing complement deposition, which would prevent macroPseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of severe infections that lead to bacteremia and high patient mortality.…”
“…In fact, these are one of the key phagocytic cells in the lung capillaries (23). We observed by flow cytometry that 5%-15% of CD45-positive cells in the lungs are neutrophils at steady state phage and neutrophil recognition of the bacteria (15,16). Indeed, P. aeruginosa Psl prevented phagocytosis and oxidant production in neutrophils (16).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 90%
“…The T3S injectisome has been shown to aid P. aeruginosa colonization of the host in a variety of ways, including systemic spread of the pathogen and the sequestration of P. aeruginosa in nonacidic vacuoles in corneal epithelial cells (12)(13)(14). Psl exopolysaccharide, on the other hand, is a serotype-independent and abundantly expressed extracellular sugar polymer implicated in P. aeruginosa biofilm formation (15). Psl has been implicated in preventing complement deposition, which would prevent macroPseudomonas aeruginosa is a major cause of severe infections that lead to bacteremia and high patient mortality.…”
“…The polysaccharide composition of multiple, biofilm-producing bacterial pathogens has been elucidated (18)(19)(20). One glycosidic linkage commonly seen within the exopolysaccharides secreted by a wide range of pathogens is the -1,4 bond, such as that present in cellulose, an exopolysaccharide produced by many strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and other bacteria (21).…”
The persistent nature of chronic wounds leaves them highly susceptible to invasion by a variety of pathogens that have the ability to construct an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). This EPS makes the bacterial population, or biofilm, up to 1,000-fold more antibiotic tolerant than planktonic cells and makes wound healing extremely difficult. Thus, compounds which have the ability to degrade biofilms, but not host tissue components, are highly sought after for clinical applications. In this study, we examined the efficacy of two glycoside hydrolases, ␣-amylase and cellulase, which break down complex polysaccharides, to effectively disrupt Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monoculture and coculture biofilms. We hypothesized that glycoside hydrolase therapy would significantly reduce EPS biomass and convert bacteria to their planktonic state, leaving them more susceptible to conventional antimicrobials. Treatment of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms, grown in vitro and in vivo, with solutions of ␣-amylase and cellulase resulted in significant reductions in biomass, dissolution of the biofilm, and an increase in the effectiveness of subsequent antibiotic treatments. These data suggest that glycoside hydrolase therapy represents a potential safe, effective, and new avenue of treatment for biofilm-related infections.
“…Garnett and Matthews [39]. Interestingly, a bacterial biofilm may present one or several bacterial species, which is only a small part of this matrix [40]. These bacteria survive under the biofilm sub-optimal ambient conditions exhibiting antibiotic resistance, leading to persistent infections [41].…”
Currently, the bacterial infections are one of the main causes of death worldwide and a public health problem for most governments. In this scenario, virulence factors are of importance, including the capacity of forming biofilm. The ability of producing biofilms is directly involved in bacterial pathogenicity and hugely worse the risk of death due to a bacterial infection. This feature allows the bacteria to colonize different surfaces (e.g. Medical devices), and causes several complications, especially in nosocomial infections. This work reviewed biolfim producing mechanisms, the relation with resistance process and the problems associated to biofilms-affected-medical devices.
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