Bacterial etiology of ocular and periocular infections, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and associated factors among patients attending eye unit of Shashemene comprehensive specialized hospital, Shashemene, Ethiopia

Abstract

Background: Eye infection is a public health problem in developing countries including Ethiopia. Bacteria are major causative agents of eye infections that can lead to loss of vision. The objective of this study was to determine bacterial etiology of ocular and periocular infections, antimicrobial susceptibility profile and associated factors among patients who visited the eye unit of Shashamane Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (SCSH). Method: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at SCSH from September 1, 2018, to March 30, 2019. Specimens from the ocular and periocular areas were collected from a total of 332 patients who visited the eye unit. Specimens were inoculated on blood agar, chocolate agar, MacConkey agar, and mannitol salt agar. Isolated bacteria were identified by a series of biochemical tests using the standard bacteriological method. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute by disk diffusion method. Factors that could be associated with ocular and periocular infection were collected by using structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 22.0 software package. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: Out of the total 332 study participants with ocular and periocular infections, 198(60%) were culture positive. The proportion of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were 135(68.2%) and 63(31.8%) respectively. Among Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus were predominant. Among Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli were predominant. Most S. aureus were resistant to penicillin. Conclusion: Majority of ocular and periocular infections in this study were caused by bacteria; Gram-positive bacteria were responsible for most cases.

Clinical Characteristics of External Ocular and Periocular Infections and Their Antimicrobial Treatment Patterns Among a Ghanaian Ophthalmic Population; A Multicenter Study

“…Moreover, unlike previous studies 2,7,57 the present investigation utilized sample from multiple sites which underscores the selection bias usually associated with the convenience sampling approach which the study employed. On the contrary, owing to resource limitation the study could not performed direct uorescent antibody test and/or Giemsa staining to investigate infections of Chlamydia trachomatis etiology.…”

“…The independent variables for this study were participants' sociodemographic factors; age, sex, ethnicity, religion, facility, socioeconomic; residence, highest level of education, occupation, marital status, health status; smoking habits, alcohol intake, systemic medical conditions and clinical characteristics (eyes affected, site of the eyes affected, risk factors, patient presenting symptoms) whereas the outcome/dependent variable was prevalence of bacteria ocular and periocular infections. Participants were assessed and clinical presentations classi ed based on operational terms reported previously 7 , and antimicrobial treatments documented accordingly.…”

“…Globally, eye infections of bacteria origin remain a signi cant contributor to ocular morbidity and blindness, and the burden is increasing 1,2 . Further, results from ocular microbial studies across different populations show no obvious pattern in prevalence estimates (ranging from 21.8-82.5%) across Africa [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] , Asia [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] , Australia 21,22 , Europe [23][24][25] and North America 26 . Similarly, the bacterial etiology speci cally proportion and nature of Gram bacteria as well as the species of bacteria commonly implicated in ocular and periocular infections vary across geographical regions and settings 2-13,15−20,22,24−26 .…”

Magnitude of Drug-Resistant Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogens, and Its Associated Factors from External Ocular Infected Patients Attending at Jinka General Hospital Ophthalmic Clinic, Southern Ethiopia

“…The eye is one of the body’s most sophisticated sensory organs, and it is remarkably resistant to most environmental contaminants owing to lysozymes, lactoferrin, defensins, and antibodies in tears, as well as the blinking mechanism, which reduces microbial colonization of the ocular surface. 1–7 However, bacteria, followed by viruses, fungi, and parasites, are the most common causal agents that cause infections in the eyes. The most commonly infected regions of the eye are the conjunctiva, eye lid, and cornea.…”

“…4 , 8–15 The burden is particularly severe in developing countries like Ethiopia due to the inability of most patients to afford expensive alternative antibiotics, the unregulated and frequently misused antibiotics, and the rapid spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms due to an increase in the number of infectious diseases. 1–3 , 11–14 In various parts of Ethiopia, the prevalence of Gram-positive bacterial pathogens among patients with external ocular infections ranged from 30.1% to 55.6%, with more than half of the isolates being resistant to commonly prescribed antibiotics, implying that this should be evaluated on a regular basis. 1 , 2 , 5–7…”