Bacterial Enzymes and Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract

The resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics has been developing for more than 2 billion years and is widely distributed among various representatives of the microbiological world. Bacterial enzymes play a key role in the emergence of resistance. Classification of these enzymes is based on their participation in various biochemical mechanisms: modification of the enzymes that act as antibiotic targets, enzymatic modification of intracellular targets, enzymatic transformation of antibiotics, and the implementation of cellular metabolism reactions. The main mechanisms of resistance development are associated with the evolution of superfamilies of bacterial enzymes due to the variability of the genes encoding them. The collection of all antibiotic resistance genes is known as the resistome. Tens of thousands of enzymes and their mutants that implement various mechanisms of resistance form a new community that is called the enzystome. Analysis of the structure and functional characteristics of enzymes, which are the targets for different classes of antibiotics, will allow us to develop new strategies for overcoming the resistance.

Identification of Essential Residues for Ciprofloxacin Resistance of Ciprofloxacin-Modifying Enzyme (CrpP) of pUM505

“…The crpP gene of the pUM505 plasmid isolated from a P. aeruginosa clinical isolate encodes a novel mechanism that decreases the susceptibility to CIP by enzymatic phosphorylation of the antibiotic [8]. Destruction or modification of the antibiotic structure is one of the most common resistance-conferring mechanisms involving the action of enzymes [17]. One of the best examples of resistance via modification of antibiotics is the covalent modification of the hydroxyl or amino groups of the aminoglycoside molecule by the aminoglycosidemodifying enzymes [18].…”

Biological Activity of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae IBRL OS- 64 Extracts, an Endophytic Fungus Isolated from Medicinal Herb, Ocimum sanctum Against Foodborne Diarrhea-Caused Bacteria

“…Meanwhile, the bioactive compounds such as β-lactam able to disrupt the synthesis of peptidoglycan which is the main component of bacterial cell walls and hence, leading to cell death. 55 Besides that, antibiotics such as chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are able to inhibit protein biosynthesis by targeting the 50S or 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome. 56 However, the mode of action of the ethyl acetate extract of L. pseudotheobromae IBRL OS-64 against test bacteria remains unknown but it is believed that the extract may target the bacterial cell wall and ignite some alterations causing collapsed cells and finally led to cell death.…”

A New Era of Antibiotics: The Clinical Potential of Antimicrobial Peptides

“…Resistance to penicillin and other antibiotics in the β-lactam class (cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, and carbacephems) has also emerged owing to the evolution of a diverse range of β-lactamase enzymes. These enzymes directly hydrolyze the antibiotic and render them ineffective [ 20 ]. These and various other mechanisms of antibiotic resistance have been extensively reviewed by Munita and Arias [ 15 ].…”