Bacterial Efflux Pump Inhibitors Reduce Antibiotic Resistance

Abstract

Bacterial resistance is a growing problem worldwide, and the number of deaths due to drug resistance is increasing every year. We must pay great attention to bacterial resistance. Otherwise, we may go back to the pre-antibiotic era and have no drugs on which to rely. Bacterial resistance is the result of several causes, with efflux mechanisms widely recognised as a significant factor in the development of resistance to a variety of chemotherapeutic and antimicrobial medications. Efflux pump inhibitors, small molecules capable of restoring the effectiveness of existing antibiotics, are considered potential solutions to antibiotic resistance and have been an active area of research in recent years. This article provides a review of the efflux mechanisms of common clinical pathogenic bacteria and their efflux pump inhibitors and describes the effects of efflux pump inhibitors on biofilm formation, bacterial virulence, the formation of bacterial persister cells, the transfer of drug resistance among bacteria, and mismatch repair. Numerous efforts have been made in the past 20 years to find novel efflux pump inhibitors which are known to increase the effectiveness of medicines against multidrug-resistant strains. Therefore, the application of efflux pump inhibitors has excellent potential to address and reduce bacterial resistance.

A Supramolecular Antibiotic Targeting Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa through the Inhibition of Virulence Factors and Activation of Acquired Immunity

“…29 In order to avoid the resistance mechanism caused by drug selection pressure, numerous researchers have proposed unconventional antibiotic therapies for the treatment of infections with microorganisms. Examples include antimicrobial peptides, 30,31 efflux pump inhibitors to inhibit drug resistance, 32,33 phage therapy 34−36 and immunomodulator agents. 37,38 The T3SS was mentioned several times.…”

“…In order to avoid the resistance mechanism caused by drug selection pressure, numerous researchers have proposed unconventional antibiotic therapies for the treatment of infections with microorganisms. Examples include antimicrobial peptides, , efflux pump inhibitors to inhibit drug resistance, , phage therapy − and immunomodulator agents. , The T3SS was mentioned several times. Inspired by these unconventional antibiotic therapeutic mechanisms, we utilized dHTSN1@pHP plus nanoparticles to inhibit the secretion of virulence factors by suppressing T3SS to reduce the damage caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the host organism without directly exerting bactericidal effects.…”