Bacterial Diversity in the Human Gut

Macfarlane, Sandra; Macfarlane, G.T.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2164(04)54010-8

Cited by 70 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…The synergistic inhibitory influence of Synbiotic (Bifidobacterium sp + inulin) and (Bifidobacterium sp + chicory) on Pathogenic bacteria was higher than the effect of Bifidobacterium sp alone, chicory alone and inulin alone [128]. The microbiota of the GIT of mammals can be considered a metabolically active organ with its wide biodiversity in term of species and the high number of cells [129]- [131]. The positive effects of both probiotic and prebiotic on immune system in different animal strains have been confirmed [91] [132] [133].…”

Section: Synbiotic and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synbiotic as Feed Additives Relating to Animal Health and Performance

Hamasalim¹

2016

AiM

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According to the increasing of human population in the world, it reached about seven billion people and it continuously increased. In this background, the food source in both animal and plant origin must be increased accordingly. For these we must use and add some feed additives such as antibiotic, probiotic, prebiotic, postbiotic and synbiotic for the animal feed to increase production (meat, egg, milk and fish) and improve health. In early cases, probiotic as mono or mixed beneficial live microorganism was used as feed additive that plays a significant role in several health conditions and performances. In another way, the scientists use some ingredients indigestible with carbohydrates origin, especially oligosaccharides as a source of energy for beneficial microorganisms in the body which were called prebiotic, and it is indigestible fermented food substrates that stimulate the growth, composition and activity of microorganisms in gastrointestinal and improve host. Most of the scientists urged to use all the above in such way that have more benefits in animal health and performance which were therefore called synbiotic, that was a combination between probiotic and prebiotic which beneficially had significant effects on the host by improving the survival and implantation of live microbial dietary supplements in the gastrointestinal tract, and thus improving animal health and performance. So, it was proposed that the synbiotic in this research increased beneficial microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract and improved intestinal architect, and then promoted intestine environment. Consequently, it can improve blood indices, and especially decrease bad cholesterol (Low-density lipoprotein), decrease harmful microorganisms and toxins. However, it can also improve ingredient product, increase mineral absorption and nutrient. In conclusion, it can improve animal health and performance.

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Section: Synbiotic and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synbiotic as Feed Additives Relating to Animal Health and Performance

Hamasalim¹

2016

AiM

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“…Some investigations have shown increases in other bacterial genera such as Roseburia, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium, with established prebiotics like inulin (Duncan et al, 2003;Langlands et al, 2004). Moreover, it is now recognized that many bacteria inhabiting the large bowel have not yet been identified and are difficult to culture routinely (Macfarlane and Macfarlane, 2004;Eckburg et al, 2005). One consequence of this is that we do not know what the global effects of prebiotics are on the structure of the microbiota.…”

Section: Physiology and Microbiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological aspects of energy metabolism and gastrointestinal effects of carbohydrates

2007

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The energy values of carbohydrates continue to be debated. This is because of the use of different energy systems, for example, combustible, digestible, metabolizable, and so on. Furthermore, ingested macronutrients may not be fully available to tissues, and the tissues themselves may not be able fully to oxidize substrates made available to them. Therefore, for certain carbohydrates, the discrepancies between combustible energy (cEI), digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) and net metabolizable energy (NME) may be considerable. Three food energy systems are in use in food tables and for food labelling in different world regions based on selective interpretation of the digestive physiology and metabolism of food carbohydrates. This is clearly unsatisfactory and confusing to the consumer. While it has been suggested that an enormous amount of work would have to be undertaken to change the current ME system into an NME system, the additional changes may not be as great as anticipated. In experimental work, carbohydrate is high in the macronutrient hierarchy of satiation. However, studies of eating behaviour indicate that it does not unconditionally depend on the oxidation of one nutrient, and argue against the operation of a simple carbohydrate oxidation or storage model of feeding behaviour to the exclusion of other macronutrients. The site, rate and extent of carbohydrate digestion in, and absorption from the gut are key to understanding the many roles of carbohydrate, although the concept of digestibility has different meanings. Within the nutrition community, the characteristic patterns of digestion that occur in the small (upper) vs large (lower) bowel are known to impact in contrasting ways on metabolism, while in the discussion of the energy value of foods, digestibility is defined as the proportion of combustible energy that is absorbed over the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. Carbohydrates that reach the large bowel are fermented to short-chain fatty acids. The exact amounts and types of carbohydrate that reach the caecum are unknown, but are probably between 20 and 40 g/day in countries with 'westernized' diets, whereas they may reach 50 g/day where traditional staples are largely cereal or diets are high in fruit and vegetables. Non-starch polysaccharides clearly affect bowel habit and so, to a lesser extent, does resistant starch. However, the short-chain carbohydrates, which are also found in breast milk, have little if any laxative role, although do effect the balance of the flora. This latter property has led to the term 'prebiotic', which is defined as the capacity to increase selectively the numbers of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli without growth of other genera. This now well-established physiological property has not so far led through to clear health benefits, but current studies are focused on their potential to prevent diarrhoeal illnesses, improve well-being and immunomodulation, particularly in atopic children and on increased calcium absorption.

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“…Much of our knowledge of the diversity and distribution of the intestinal microbiota derives from bacteriologic studies on fecal material, employing traditional techniques of culture, microscopy, and determinations of the fermentative and other biochemical capabilities of the isolates (27,30). This work, while still important in many types of study, is labor intensive and requires the use of specialized apparatus that allows extremely oxygen-sensitive bacteria to be cultivated (23,30,36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Diversity in Relation to Human Terminal Ileum and Colonic Biopsy Samples

Ahmed

Macfarlane

Fite

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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183

116

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Little is known about bacterial communities that colonize mucosal surfaces in the human gastrointestinal tract, but they are believed to play an important role in host physiology. The objectives of this study were to investigate the compositions of these populations in the distal small bowel and colon. Healthy mucosal tissue from either the terminal ileum (n ‫؍‬ 6) or ascending (n ‫؍‬ 8), transverse (n ‫؍‬ 8), or descending colon (n ‫؍‬ 4) of 26 patients (age, 68.5 ؎ 1.2 years [mean ؎ standard deviation]) undergoing emergency resection of the large bowel was used to study these communities. Mucosa-associated eubacteria were characterized by using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), while real-time PCR was employed for quantitative analysis. Mucosal communities were also visualized in situ using confocal laser scanning microscopy. DGGE banding profiles from all the gut regions exhibited at least 45% homology, with five descending colon profiles clustering at ca. 75% concordance. Real-time PCR showed that mucosal bacterial population densities were highest in the terminal ileum and that there were no significant differences in overall bacterial numbers in different parts of the colon. Bifidobacterial numbers were significantly higher in the large bowel than in the terminal ileum (P ‫؍‬ 0.006), whereas lactobacilli were more prominent in the distal large intestine (P ‫؍‬ 0.019). Eubacterium rectale (P ‫؍‬ 0.0004) and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (P ‫؍‬ 0.001) were dominant in the ascending and descending colon. Site-specific colonization in the gastrointestinal tract may be contributory in the etiology of some diseases of the large intestine.

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Bacterial Diversity in the Human Gut

Cited by 70 publications

References 108 publications

Synbiotic as Feed Additives Relating to Animal Health and Performance

Synbiotic as Feed Additives Relating to Animal Health and Performance

Physiological aspects of energy metabolism and gastrointestinal effects of carbohydrates

Mucosa-Associated Bacterial Diversity in Relation to Human Terminal Ileum and Colonic Biopsy Samples

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