Bacterial contamination of packaged smokeless tobacco sold in India

Mehra, Rashmi; Mohanty, Vikrant; Balappanavar, Aswini Y; Kapoor, Shivam

doi:10.18332/tpc/115064

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The study found that the most commonly isolated bacteria were Pseudumonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia. 12 A study by Han J et al, Rubeinstein I et al from United States of America and Yusuf OAA et al from South Africa also found that the predominant species were from the class of Bacillus. [13][14][15] A study done in Nigeria exclusively among snuff products showed that the colony counts ranged from 3.0x10 2 CFU/gm to 6.7x10 2 /gm while our study showed higher bacterial counts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Microbial Composition of Smokeless Tobacco Products from Karnataka

Mallya

Madiyal

Mullapudi

et al. 2022

Natl J Community Med

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Background: Though there is a lot of literature available about presence of carcinogenic chemicals in these products, there is lack of information regarding the microbial composition of these products. Aim & Objective: The study was conducted with the objective of assessing microbial composition of smokeless tobacco products and factors associated with higher colony count. Methodology: This cross sectional study included a total of 43 samples obtained from four districts of Karnataka namely Udupi, Bengaluru, Bidar and Belagavi. Microbial populations were assessed using quantitative aerobic culture and colony forming units per gram was reported for each sample. The data was entered into excel and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16.0. Results have been expressed as frequencies and percentages. Univarate analysis was done to study association between background characteristics and higher colony counts. Results: All except three samples showed bacterial contamination. Two samples showed pathogenic bacterial growth, while the other 38 samples had non-pathogenic bacteria. There was no association between background characteristics and colony counts. Conclusions: Microbial contamination of smokeless tobacco products is common. There is a need to further investigate various factors associated with microbial contamination so that necessary interventions can be implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Microbial Composition of Smokeless Tobacco Products from Karnataka

Mallya

Madiyal

Mullapudi

et al. 2022

Natl J Community Med

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“…It should be noted that a few of the more recent studies (Al-Hebshi et al 2017 ; Mehra et al 2020 ; Zhang et al 2020 ; Zhou et al 2020 ) focus mainly on products or aging tobacco not widely available in the USA. While “international” products are quite interesting, especially in the capacity that some products such as Sudanese toombak, Yemeni Shammah, and Asian betel quid contain higher amounts of carcinogenic TSNAs as compared with US domestic products, we will forego discussing them in this review in order to focus on US domestic products.…”

Section: Smokeless Tobacco Harbors Diverse Microbial Communitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiology of the American Smokeless Tobacco

Rivera

Tyx

2021

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

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Smokeless tobacco products (STP) contain diverse microbial communities that contribute to the formation of harmful chemical byproducts. This is concerning since 300 million individuals around the globe are users of smokeless tobacco. Significant evidence has shown that microbial metabolic activities mediate the formation of carcinogens during manufacturing. In recent years, studies have revealed a series of additional health impacts that include lesions and inflammation of the oral mucosa and the gastrointestinal tract, as well as alterations of the endogenous microbiota. These findings are due to recent developments in molecular technologies that allowed researchers to better examine the microbial component of these products. This new information illustrates the scale of the STP microbiota and its diversity in the finished product that is sold for consumption. Additionally, the application of metagenomics and metatranscriptomics has provided the tools to look at phylogenies across bacterial, viral, and eukaryotic groups, their functional capacities, and viability. Here we present key examples of tobacco microbiology research that utilizes newer approaches and strategies to define the microbial component of smokeless tobacco products. We also highlight challenges in these approaches, the knowledge gaps being filled, and those gaps that warrant further study. A better understanding of the microbiology of STP brings vast public health benefits. It will provide important information for the product consumer, impact manufacturing practices, and provide support for the development of attainable and more meaningful regulatory goals. Key points Newer technologies allowed quicker and more comprehensive identification of microbes in tobacco samples, encapsulating microorganisms difficult or impossible to culture. Current research in smokeless tobacco microbiology is filling knowledge gaps previously unfilled due to the lack of suitable approaches. The microbial ecology of smokeless tobacco presents a clearer picture of diversity and variability not considered before. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00253-021-11382-z.

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“…The microbiota has been previously reported in cured tobacco leaves and STPs using both culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches (Di Giacomo et al, 2007;Han et al, 2016;Tyx et al, 2016;Smyth et al, 2017;Mehra et al, 2020). The microbiome of tobacco products participates in the synthesis of TSNAs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriome of Moist Smokeless Tobacco Products Consumed in India With Emphasis on the Predictive Functional Potential

et al. 2021

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Smokeless tobacco products (STPs) carry assorted microbial population that contributes to carcinogens synthesis like tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs). Extensive exploration of microbiota-harboring STPs is required to understand their full carcinogenic potential. Here, we applied 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate bacteriome present in moist STPs immensely consumed in India (Khaini, Moist-snuff, Qiwam, and Snus). Further, the functional metagenome was speculated by PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) to assign the abundance of genes related to nitrogen metabolism, bacterial toxins, antibiotic drug resistance and other pro-inflammatory molecules. Highly diverse bacterial communities were observed in all moist STPs. Taxonomic analysis revealed a total of 549 genera belonging to four major phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. Overall, the core bacterial genera Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Prevotella, Acetobacter, Lactobacillus, Paracoccus, Flavobacterium, and Bacteroides were significantly abundant in moist STPs. Elevated moisture-holding products like Moist-snuff and Qiwam harbor rich bacterial species diversity and showed similar bacteriome composition. Furthermore, Qiwam products showed the highest level of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, antibiotic resistance, toxins, and pro-inflammation (predicted by PICRUSt) which can contribute to the synthesis of TSNAs and induction of oral cancer. The present broad investigation of moist STPs-associated bacteriome prevalence and their detailed metabolic potential will provide novel insight into the oral carcinogenesis induced by STPs.

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Bacterial contamination of packaged smokeless tobacco sold in India

Cited by 8 publications

References 21 publications

Microbial Composition of Smokeless Tobacco Products from Karnataka

Microbial Composition of Smokeless Tobacco Products from Karnataka

Microbiology of the American Smokeless Tobacco

Bacteriome of Moist Smokeless Tobacco Products Consumed in India With Emphasis on the Predictive Functional Potential

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