Bacterial coinfection among coronavirus disease 2019 patient groups: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Background The pandemic of SARS COV-2 raised the attention toward bacterial coinfection and their role in COVID-19 disease. This study aims to systematically review and identify the pooled prevalence of the bacterial coinfection in the related articles. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted in international databases, including Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase, to identify the articles on the prevalence of Bacterial coinfections in COIVD-19 patients from December 1, 2019, until December 30, 2020. All observational epidemiological studies that evaluated the prevalence of bacterial coinfections in COVID-19 patients included without any restriction. Results Forty two studies including total sample size of 54695 were included in the analysis. The pooled estimate for prevalence of bacterial coinfections was 20.97% (95% CI: 15.95 to 26.46) the pooled prevalence of bacterial coinfections was 5.20% (95% CI: 2.39 to 8.91) for Respiratory subtype and 4.79% (95% CI: 0.11 to 14.61) for Gastrointestinal subtype. The pooled prevalence for Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO) and South-East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) was 100 % (95% CI: 82.35 to 100.00) and 2.61 % (95% CI: 1.74 to 3.62). Conclusion This rate of coinfection poses a great danger toward patients especially those in critical condition. Although there are multiple complication and adverse effect related to extensive use of antibiotics to treat COVID-19 patients but it seems there is no other option except the applying them and it needs to be done carefully.

Worldwide prevalence of fungal coinfections among COVID-19 patients: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis

“…"Metaprop" commands were applied in a forest plot to estimate the pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI). A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence [15][16][17][18][19][20]. Meta-regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of the WHO region, sample size, and age on heterogeneity.…”

Worldwide prevalence of microbial agents’ coinfection among COVID‐19 patients: A comprehensive updated systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…A meta‐analysis study showed 8.1% of coinfection among critically ill patients compared to 5.9% hospitalized ones. 85 Soltani et al 86 showed the prevalence of 20.97 bacterial co‐infection in COVID‐19‐infected cases. Another important aspect of bacterial co‐infection prevalence is about empirical bacterial treatment (52).…”

Negative predictive value of procalcitonin to rule out bacterial respiratory co-infection in critical covid-19 patients

“…Patients with BC had higher illness severity scores compared with those without BC, measured by APACHE II (14)(15)(16)(17)(18) versus 13 [IQR 10-17], p = 0.001) and SOFA score (5)(6)(7)(8) versus 4 [IQR 3-7], p < 0.001). Subjects with BC had higher incidence of hypertension (54.7% versus 45.6%, p = 0.003), diabetes (30.2% versus 22.6%, p = 0.002), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (10.9% versus 7.4%, p = 0.02) and hematological disease (5.4% versus 3.1%).…”