Bacterial Cellulose: Production, Characterization, and Application as Antimicrobial Agent

Abstract

Bacterial cellulose (BC) is recognized as a multifaceted, versatile biomaterial with abundant applications. Groups of microorganisms such as bacteria are accountable for BC synthesis through static or agitated fermentation processes in the presence of competent media. In comparison to static cultivation, agitated cultivation provides the maximum yield of the BC. A pure cellulose BC can positively interact with hydrophilic or hydrophobic biopolymers while being used in the biomedical domain. From the last two decades, the reinforcement of biopolymer-based biocomposites and its applicability with BC have increased in the research field. The harmony of hydrophobic biopolymers can be reduced due to the high moisture content of BC in comparison to hydrophilic biopolymers. Mechanical properties are the important parameters not only in producing green composite but also in dealing with tissue engineering, medical implants, and biofilm. The wide requisition of BC in medical as well as industrial fields has warranted the scaling up of the production of BC with added economy. This review provides a detailed overview of the production and properties of BC and several parameters affecting the production of BC and its biocomposites, elucidating their antimicrobial and antibiofilm efficacy with an insight to highlight their therapeutic potential.

Engineered Bacterial Cellulose Nanostructured Matrix for Incubation and Release of Drug-Loaded Oil in Water Nanoemulsion

“…Starting from these considerations, here, we propose the development of a BC-Co-Q10-SNE nanonetwork for a double release approach where the cellulose network releases the Co-Q10–loaded SNE which, upon degradation, can finally release active Co-Q10 to the skin. Our BC was produced by the SCOBY using optimized conditions in terms of humidity (98%) and temperature (30°C), as well as the culture media volume that assured the correct moist status, avoiding the production of a thick layer with BC exfoliation ( Alkhalifawi and Hassan, 2014 ; Lahiri et al, 2021 ). Several spectroscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared ray (IR) were used for BC morphological and chemical characterizations, while Co-Q10-SNE loading and release were studied by confocal microscopy and fluorescence, respectively, by following Co-Q10 autofluorescence.…”

Recent advances in bacterial cellulose: a low-cost effective production media, optimization strategies and applications

“…The independent synthesis of BC, regardless of the carbon substrate, may be attributed to the ability of the producing organism to synthesize glucose from various carbohydrate sources, followed by polymerization to cellulose (Aswini et al 2020;Rangaswamy et al 2015). A suitable nitrogen source is also crucial for maximum BC production ( Lahiri et al 2021). The production of BC is commonly supported with complex organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract (Aswini et al 2020), peptone (Rangaswamy et al 2015), casein hydrolysate with peptone ( Lahiri et al 2021), and soybean molasses (Souza et al 2020), contrary to inorganic nitrogen that usually retards the bacterial growth and hence inhibits the BC production (Aswini et al 2020).…”

“…A suitable nitrogen source is also crucial for maximum BC production ( Lahiri et al 2021). The production of BC is commonly supported with complex organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract (Aswini et al 2020), peptone (Rangaswamy et al 2015), casein hydrolysate with peptone ( Lahiri et al 2021), and soybean molasses (Souza et al 2020), contrary to inorganic nitrogen that usually retards the bacterial growth and hence inhibits the BC production (Aswini et al 2020). Determination of optimum nitrogen source for maximum BC production is influenced by the organism type as well as the carbon source.…”

“…Determination of optimum nitrogen source for maximum BC production is influenced by the organism type as well as the carbon source. Lahiri et al reported maximum BC production by Acetobacter xylinum using casein hydrolysate with sucrose, while peptone was the most effective nitrogen source in presence of mannitol (Lahiri et al 2021). Recently, more attention has been directed toward the implementation of agricultural and industrial-waste products as alternative cost-effective carbon/nitrogen sources (Ogrizek et al 2021;Saleh et al 2021;Singh et al 2017).…”

Evaluation of the Hydrolysis Efficiency of Bacterial Cellulose Gel Film after the Liquid Hot Water and Steam Explosion Pretreatments

“…Bacterial cellulose is a natural biopolymer with very good mechanical and chemical properties. Its nanostructure, high crystallinity, flexibility, or absorption capacity make it a material with a wide range of applications [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. The possibilities of technological use of bacterial cellulose are enormous.…”