“…Engineered cells or bacteria have been broadly adopted in living therapeutics, synthetic biology, and drug delivery. , To leverage the desired functionality of bacteria while ensuring safety, individual encapsulation using materials such as hyaluronic acid, chitosan, polydopamine, , cell membrane, and mineral coating has been explored. These encapsulation techniques serve as effective tools to resist gastrointestinal conditions, evade immune system attacks, maintain bacterial activity, and enhance biosafety.…”