Bacterial Biofilm Inhibition: A Focused Review on Recent Therapeutic Strategies for Combating the Biofilm Mediated Infections

Abstract

Biofilm formation is a major concern in various sectors and cause severe problems to public health, medicine, and industry. Bacterial biofilm formation is a major persistent threat, as it increases morbidity and mortality, thereby imposing heavy economic pressure on the healthcare sector. Bacterial biofilms also strengthen biofouling, affecting shipping functions, and the offshore industries in their natural environment. Besides, they accomplish harsh roles in the corrosion of pipelines in industries. At biofilm state, bacterial pathogens are significantly resistant to external attack like antibiotics, chemicals, disinfectants, etc. Within a cell, they are insensitive to drugs and host immune responses. The development of intact biofilms is very critical for the spreading and persistence of bacterial infections in the host. Further, bacteria form biofilms on every probable substratum, and their infections have been found in plants, livestock, and humans. The advent of novel strategies for treating and preventing biofilm formation has gained a great deal of attention. To prevent the development of resistant mutants, a feasible technique that may target adhesive properties without affecting the bacterial vitality is needed. This stimulated research is a rapidly growing field for applicable control measures to prevent biofilm formation. Therefore, this review discusses the current understanding of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacterial biofilm and intensely emphasized the novel therapeutic strategies for combating biofilm mediated infections. The forthcoming experimental studies will focus on these recent therapeutic strategies that may lead to the development of effective biofilm inhibitors than conventional treatments.

Formation, Development, and Cross-Species Interactions in Biofilms

“…Several reviews have summarized the various deleterious effects of biofilms on human health (Muhammad et al, 2020;Flemming et al, 2021;Martin et al, 2021;Srinivasan et al, 2021).…”

“…Several reviews have summarized the various deleterious effects of biofilms on human health ( Muhammad et al, 2020 ; Flemming et al, 2021 ; Martin et al, 2021 ; Srinivasan et al, 2021 ). Typical bacterial biofilm-induced diseases include cystic fibrosis, periodontitis, infective endocarditis, and chronic wounds.…”

Bacterial Biofilm Destruction: A Focused Review On The Recent Use of Phage-Based Strategies With Other Antibiofilm Agents

“…These strategies include biofilm degradation by electrochemical method which is a combinatorial effect of applying lower dose antibiotics in a weak electric field, the use of antimicrobial lipids as biofilm inhibitors and inhibition of alarmone scheme by natural peptides in response to environmental stress. 16 Others include interruption of molecular system of biofilm formation and irrigation techniques including passive ultrasonic, subsonic, or laseractivated irrigation for removal of root canal biofilms. 17,18 Among these techniques, the use of phagebased strategies was least emphasized, whereas they are economical and potentially modifiable.…”

Topical Nano Clove/Thyme Gel against Genetically Identified Clinical Skin Isolates: In Vivo Targeting Behavioral Alteration and IGF-1/pFOXO-1/PPAR γ Cues

“…Microbial biofilms are constructed by bacterial communities to form complex structures that facilitate their surface adherence, permit pathogen spreading, and prevent the diffusion of antibiotic to bacterial cell wall. Therefore, it is a potential contributor to pathogen antibiotic resistance [43]. The advent of novel strategies for developing an effective biofilm inhibitor rather than conventional treatments has gained a great deal of attention.…”