Bacterial Biofilm Formation on Biomaterials and Approaches to Its Treatment and Prevention

Abstract

Bacterial biofilms can cause widespread infection. In addition to causing urinary tract infections and pulmonary infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, biofilms can help microorganisms adhere to the surfaces of various medical devices, causing biofilm-associated infections on the surfaces of biomaterials such as venous ducts, joint prostheses, mechanical heart valves, and catheters. Biofilms provide a protective barrier for bacteria and provide resistance to antimicrobial agents, which increases the morbidity and mortality of patients. This review summarizes biofilm formation processes and resistance mechanisms, as well as the main features of clinically persistent infections caused by biofilms. Considering the various infections caused by clinical medical devices, we introduce two main methods to prevent and treat biomaterial-related biofilm infection: antibacterial coatings and the surface modification of biomaterials. Antibacterial coatings depend on the covalent immobilization of antimicrobial agents on the coating surface and drug release to prevent and combat infection, while the surface modification of biomaterials affects the adhesion behavior of cells on the surfaces of implants and the subsequent biofilm formation process by altering the physical and chemical properties of the implant material surface. The advantages of each strategy in terms of their antibacterial effect, biocompatibility, limitations, and application prospects are analyzed, providing ideas and research directions for the development of novel biofilm infection strategies related to therapeutic materials.

Layer-by-Layer Coatings of Collagen–Hyaluronic acid Loaded with an Antibacterial Manuka Honey Bioactive Compound to Fight Metallic Implant Infections

“…epidermidis were similar to an existing report and the minimum concentration of MGO required to kill both bacteria was estimated as 9 mM. It is well-known from the literature that when implantation occurs in the body, early-stage infections can occur, and treating them with antibiotics is difficult if they persist in forming biofilms. , In our work, we explored two strategies: (i) the release of MGO for the prevention of bacteria and (ii) the contact-killing of bacteria. Therefore, we have included MGO in the top layers (L5―1×, L7―2×, and L9―3×) to enhance the bacterial killing efficacy of the HA/J-Coll LbL coating through the release of MGO and contact-killing.…”

“…It is well-known from the literature that when implantation occurs in the body, early-stage infections can occur, and treating them with antibiotics is difficult if they persist in forming biofilms. 39,40 In our work, we explored two strategies: (i) the release of MGO for the prevention of bacteria and (ii) the contact-killing of bacteria.…”

Physiological Concentrations of Calcium Interact with Alginate and Extracellular DNA in the Matrices of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms to Impede Phagocytosis by Neutrophils

“…The implications of the findings reported here are significant in the study of prevention and control of biofilm disease. Strategies to combat biofilm growth include antibiofilm coatings to repel bacteria with bactericidal, topographical, chemical, or electrostatic interactions. − Indeed, one study revealed that modifying surfaces with immobilized DNA leads to reduced bacterial attachment, potentially due to electrostatic repulsion between the negative charges of DNA and bacterial cell surfaces . The clinical implementation of DNA-coated surfaces may necessarily rely on an understanding of ionic interactions at the biofilm–substrate interface.…”

Surface functionalization of endotracheal tubes coated with laccase–gadolinium phosphate hybrid nanoparticles for antibiofilm activity and contrasting properties

“…Bacterial infection is one of the most common medical complications caused by biomaterials being inserted into or coming into contact with the body. 1 Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital-acquired respiratory infection that commonly occurs in patients who receive mechanical ventilation via the endotracheal tube (ETT). 2 It happens because bacteria rapidly form colonies on the surface of the ETT, become permanently attached, produce extracellular polysaccharides, and develop a microbial biofilm.…”