Bacterial Adhesion on Titanium Nitride-coated and Uncoated Implants: An In Vivo Human Study

Abstract

Titanium nitride (TiN) has been used in many fields as a surgical instrument coating that makes the surgical materials more resistant to wear and corrosion. The aim of the present study was an in vivo evaluation of the bacterial adhesion to TiN-coated (test) and uncoated (control) titanium implants. Six patients aged between 21 and 25 years and in excellent systemic health participated in the study. All of the participants gave their informed consent. The participants were selected on the basis of good periodontal health and no signs of mouth breathing. In each of the 6 participants, a removable acrylic device was adapted to the molar-premolar region of each quadrant of the jaws. One 4 x 13 mm titanium implant was glued to the buccal aspect of each device. The plasma spray covered 11.5 mm of the body of the implant, whereas the neck was machined titanium. Test implants were glued to the right devices and control implants were glued to the left devices. After 24 hours, the implants were removed from each device and processed for scanning electron microscopy for evaluation of the machined portion of the implant covered by bacteria. A total of 24 implants were used in this study, 12 test and 12 control. Surface characterization of the machined portion of the neck of the implant was performed on an additional 10 implants (5 test and 5 control). On test implants the implant surface covered by bacteria was significantly lower compared with that of control implants (P = .0001). The surface roughness was similar in both groups. TiN surfaces showed a significant reduction of the presence of bacteria, and this fact could probably be important in the decrease of the inflammation of the peri-implant soft tissues.

Antimicrobial dental implant functionalization strategies —A systematic review

“…Studies on nitride surfaces are sparse and the results are controversial. Some authors found unaltered or increased bacterial adhesion 41,112,123,124,150) on nitride titanium surfaces, but others found reduced biofilm formation [145][146][147][148][149]151,176) . Ji et al (2015) found TiN to show antimicrobial effects against S. mutans but not against P. gingivalis 177) .…”

In vitro assays for adhesion and migration of osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) on titanium surfaces

“…Ti nitride is reported to reduce bacterial adhesion, thus decreasing inflammation of peri-implant soft tissues in vivo (Scarano et al 2003). Groessner-Schreiber et al 2003 have reported better cell attachment and enhanced cell growth of fibroblasts on a Ti-nitride-coated surface.…”

Application of Dental Implants Coated with Titanium Nitride: The Experimental Study with Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection

“…Annunziata et al, (2008) reported that results of three independent experiments showed lower adhesion and proliferation (P < 0.05) by Streptococcus pyogenes and S. sanguinis on TiN-coated TPS surfaces. In addition, TiN surfaces showed a significant reduction of the presence of bacteria, which could be important in decreasing inflammation in periimplant soft tissues (Scarano et al, 2003). Furthermore, Ji et al, (2015) reported that their in vitro study evaluated antimicrobial activity against not only S. mutans but also P. gingivalis by TiN-coating on titanium.…”