Bacteria Use Type IV Pili to Walk Upright and Detach from Surfaces

Gibiansky, Maxsim; Conrad, Jacinta C.; Jin, Fan; Gordon, Vernita; Motto, Dominick; Mathewson, Margie A.; Stopka, Wiktor; Zelasko, Daria C.; Shrout, Joshua D.; Wong, Gerard C. L.

doi:10.1126/science.1194238

Cited by 178 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The endocytosis of isolated protoplasts treated with 0, 30, or 80 μM LaCl 3 was observed using a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (Olympus) with high spatial and temporal resolutions, as previously reported (26,27). Bright-field movies (∼30 images) were collected at one frame every 2 s using an Olympus microscope equipped with a 100× objective, as previously reported (26,27).…”

Section: Emarg Measurement Of Subcellular Distribution Of La(iii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, we used a new method established recently (26,27) to visualize the dynamic processes of endocytosis 12 h after the horseradish leaves were treated with 30 or 80 μM LaCl 3 . Movies S1-S5 were then made after the bright-field images of horseradish and Arabidopsis protoplasts were collected at one frame every 2 s using a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope.…”

Section: La(iii) Treatments Activated Endocytosis In Plant Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

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It has long been observed that rare earth elements (REEs) regulate multiple facets of plant growth and development. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Here, using electron microscopic autoradiography, we show the life cycle of a light REE (lanthanum) and a heavy REE (terbium) in horseradish leaf cells. Our data indicate that REEs were first anchored on the plasma membrane in the form of nanoscale particles, and then entered the cells by endocytosis. Consistently, REEs activated endocytosis in plant cells, which may be the cellular basis of REE actions in plants. Moreover, we discovered that a portion of REEs was successively released into the cytoplasm, self-assembled to form nanoscale clusters, and finally deposited in horseradish leaf cells. Taken together, our data reveal the life cycle of REEs and their cellular behaviors in plant cells, which shed light on the cellular mechanisms of REE actions in living organisms.activation | endocytic vesicle S ome trace elements, such as rare earth elements (REEs), have been observed for a long time to be beneficial to plant growth (1, 2). REEs are f-block elements in the periodic table, including 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium (2). The beneficial effect of REEs on plants was first reported in 1917, when it was found that cerium, an REE, improved physiological activities of water-floss (Spirogyra) (3). Since the 1970s, REEs have been widely used in agriculture as plant growth stimulants (4). Currently, more than 100 of crop species have been applied with REEs, which has increased crop yields by 5-15% (4). In addition, REEs also serve to protect plants against certain plant diseases and some stresses, such as drought, cold, acid rain, or heavy metals (2). The wide use of REEs has caused an overaccumulation of REEs in the ecosystem, including soil (5), atmosphere (6), and water (7). Moreover, it was shown that REEs have dual effects on plant growth: low concentrations of REEs exert positive effects on growth and yield of crops, whereas high concentrations of REEs seem to be harmful for plants, indicating that REEs are not absolutely good for plants (2). Therefore, it is imperative to elucidate how REEs act on plant cells to ensure food safety.Despite of many advances achieved in recent years, the action mechanisms of REEs on plant cells still remain poorly understood (2). Several explanations, which are mainly focused on the physiological roles of REEs in plant cells, have been proposed (2). These mechanisms include the possible changes of photosynthesis, mineral nutrient uptake and metabolism, catalytic activities of some enzymes, hormonal balance, and so forth (2). However, these hypotheses are not connected to any cellular or molecular principles and are therefore far from explaining the action mechanisms of REEs in plants (2,8). In addition, little consensus has yet been reached regarding the life cycle of REEs in plant cells. Some studies report that REEs cannot enter the plant cells but only be localized in apoplast (8-14); other st...

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Section: Emarg Measurement Of Subcellular Distribution Of La(iii)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: La(iii) Treatments Activated Endocytosis In Plant Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells

Wang

Zhou

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

124

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…In M. xanthus it has also been shown that the presence of pili at the poles is dynamically regulated through the localized activation of the assembly system (which itself has recently been shown to be stable and remain at both poles 29 ) and clustering of the PilT and PilB proteins, two antagonistic ATPases promoting pilus retraction and elongation, respectively 28 . In both species, the patterns of motion can be complex with several modes of pili-dependent motility in P. aeruginosa 30,31 and both pilidependent and pili-independent mechanisms of surface motility in M. xanthus 32 .…”

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confidence: 99%

Bacterial twitching motility is coordinated by a two-dimensional tug-of-war with directional memory

et al. 2014

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Type IV pili are ubiquitous bacterial motors that power surface motility. In peritrichously piliated species, it is unclear how multiple pili are coordinated to generate movement with directional persistence. Here we use a combined theoretical and experimental approach to test the hypothesis that multiple pili of Neisseria gonorrhoeae are coordinated through a tug-of-war. Based on force-dependent unbinding rates and pilus retraction speeds measured at the level of single pili, we build a tug-of-war model. Whereas the one-dimensional model robustly predicts persistent movement, the two-dimensional model requires a mechanism of directional memory provided by re-elongation of fully retracted pili and pilus bundling. Experimentally, we confirm memory in the form of bursts of pilus retractions. Bursts are seen even with bundling suppressed, indicating re-elongation from stable core complexes as the key mechanism of directional memory. Directional memory increases the surface range explored by motile bacteria and likely facilitates surface colonization.

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“…Appropriate lower level processes include imaginative mechanisms of motility (demonstrated by bacteria that rise up and walk [26]), timing and vectors of movement and the physiology of hibernation and diapause. The panoply of influences modifying departure and settlement options available to, and decisions by, individuals represent another level associated with the mechanics of dispersal (electronic supplementary material, table S1).…”

Section: Mechanics: How Habitat Selection Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation and habitat selection in the eco-evolutionary process

2011

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The struggle for existence occurs through the vital rates of population growth. This basic fact demonstrates the tight connection between ecology and evolution that defines the emerging field of eco-evolutionary dynamics. An effective synthesis of the interdependencies between ecology and evolution is grounded in six principles. The mechanics of evolution specifies the origin and rules governing traits and evolutionary strategies. Traits and evolutionary strategies achieve their selective value through their functional relationships with fitness. Function depends on the underlying structure of variation and the temporal, spatial and organizational scales of evolution. An understanding of how changes in traits and strategies occur requires conjoining ecological and evolutionary dynamics. Adaptation merges these five pillars to achieve a comprehensive understanding of ecological and evolutionary change. I demonstrate the value of this world-view with reference to the theory and practice of habitat selection. The theory allows us to assess evolutionarily stable strategies and states of habitat selection, and to draw the adaptive landscapes for habitat-selecting species. The landscapes can then be used to forecast future evolution under a variety of climate change and other scenarios.

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Bacteria Use Type IV Pili to Walk Upright and Detach from Surfaces

Abstract: A searchable database of images allows detailed analysis of bacterial motility.

Cited by 178 publications

References 7 publications

Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells

Rare earth elements activate endocytosis in plant cells

Bacterial twitching motility is coordinated by a two-dimensional tug-of-war with directional memory

Adaptation and habitat selection in the eco-evolutionary process

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