“…On smaller spatial scales, active larval behavior such as substrate rejection or substratum exploration determines the success of larval settlement, particularly when larvae descend to the sea floor. Larvae of many marine invertebrates require specific cues to settle and metamorphose and cues can originate from conspecific or congeneric individuals (Crisp 1984, Pawlik 1992, Rodriguez et al 1993, Qian 1999, microbial films (Kirchman et al 1982a, Maki et al 1989, Lau et al 2002, sympatric species, food items, habitat (Bryan et al 1998), and other environmental sources (Pechenik et al 1995). A variety of chemicals have been suggested to be cues that include juvenile hormones (Biggers & Laufer 1992, 1996, free fatty acids (Pawlik 1986, Pawlik & Faulkner 1986, 1988), polysaccharides (Kirchman et al 1982b), protein and small peptides , amino acids , inorganic ions (Yool et al 1986, Bryan et al 1997b, and neurotransmitters other than amino acids (Pawlik 1990).…”