Bacteria in the Intestine, Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within?

Canny, Gerard J.; McCormick, Beth A.

doi:10.1128/iai.00187-08

Cited by 155 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…The large intestine contains organisms belonging to over 30 identified genera and as many as 500 separate species or phenotypes. The major kinds of bacteria in the colon are obligate anaerobes, with the most abundant bacteria are associated with the genus Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium, and Clostridium [14,37].…”

Section: Human Gut Microflora Diversity In Different Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first flora settle in the infant gut are able to affect the immune response and subsequent responses throughout the life [44]. The expression pattern-recognition receptors (PRR) like toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the intestines is modulated by the gut bacteria that help the host the ability to discriminate between the pathogenic and commensal bacteria, activation of immuno-sensory cells like, surface enterocytes, M cells and dendritic cells and to repair any damage due to injury [10,14]. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain/caspase recruitment domain isoforms (NOD/CARD) are the other class of PRRs that recognize endogenous or microbial molecules or stress responses and forms oligomers that activate inflammatory caspases through activation of inflammatory cytokines and/or activate NF-κB signalling pathway to induce the production of inflammatory molecules [10].…”

Section: Role Of the Human Gut Microbe In Health And Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Host-microbe interactions primarily occur along the surfaces of the gut mucosa, where, a bi-directional host-flora exchange takes place. Commensal bacteria usually compete and consume the available nutrients in ecological niches thereby reducing the burden of nutrient overproduction, which may in turn help in controlling pathogenic microbial competitors [14]. Depending upon the structural pattern, physiology, food materials and feeding habits, huge variations in gut microbial community is found in different species.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Health and environmental applications of gut microbiome: a review

Chatterjee

Datta

Sharma

et al. 2017

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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Life on Earth harbours an unimaginable diversity of microbial communities. Among these, gut microbiome, the ecological communities of commensal, symbionts (bacteria and bacteriophages) are a unique assemblage of microbes. This microbial population of animal gut helps in performing organism's physiological processes to stay healthy and fit. The role of these microbial communities is immense. They continually maintain interrelation with the intestinal mucosa in a subtle equilibrium and help the gut for different functions ranging from metabolism to immunologic functions like upgradation of nutrient-poor diets, aid in digestion of recalcitrant food components, protection from pathogens, contribute to inter-and intra-specific communication, affecting the efficiency as disease vectors etc. The microbial diversity in the gut depends upon environmental competition between microbes, their sieving effects and subsequent elimination. Due to wide diversity of anatomy and physiology of the digestive tracts and food habits, the gut microbiome also differs broadly among animals. Stochastic factors through the history of colonization of the microbiome in a species and in situ evolution are likely to establish interspecies diversity. Moreover, the microbes offer enormous opportunity to discover novel species for therapeutic and/or biotechnological applications. In this manuscript, we review the available knowledge on gut microbiome, emphasising their role in health and health related applications in human.

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Section: Human Gut Microflora Diversity In Different Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of the Human Gut Microbe In Health And Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health and environmental applications of gut microbiome: a review

Chatterjee

Datta

Sharma

et al. 2017

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S

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“…A wide variety of host, microbiological, dietary, and environmental factors affect the metabolic relationships between gut mucosal epithelial cells and microbiota [6][7][8][9]. However, it remains unclear what role imbalanced intestinal microbiota might play in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, which underlies CVD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulation of plasma lipid profile by lactobacillus fermentum (probiotic strain ME-3 DSM14241) in a randomised controlled trial of clinically healthy adults

et al. 2015

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Background: Previous studies showed that a probiotic-rich diet may improve the plasma lipid profile and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In a randomized controlled study we tested the possibility for regulation of plasma lipid profile using a kefir that contained the antioxidative probiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 (DSM14241). The trial was performed in clinically healthy adults with borderline-high serum low-density lipoproteincholesterol (LDL-C) and/or high serum triglyceride (TG) levels based on guidelines from the European Cardiology Society and European Atherosclerosis Society. Methods: One hundred sixty four participants meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Participants were randomised to receive 200 ml/day kefir, either with probiotic (PG; n = 71, 58 females, mean age 49.6 ± 6.5 y) or without probiotic (CG; n = 66, 58 females, mean age 49.9 ± 6.1 y). The probiotic contained 4 × 10 7 cfu/ml L. fermentum ME-3 (total 8 × 10 9 cfu/day). At 4 weeks (n = 71 PG and n = 66 CG) and at 8 weeks (n = 43 PG and n = 33 CG), we evaluated anthropologic, blood biochemical indices, and the faecal temporal persistence of the probiotic strain was assessed by real-time PCR. Results: After 4 weeks, the lipid profiles were mostly similar between groups: only the values of oxidised LDL (ox-LDL) and TG were significantly reduced (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, resp.). After 8 weeks, the PG group exhibited reductions in LDL-C (5 %, P = 0.001), ox-LDL (6 %, P < 0.0002), TG (17 %, P = 0.033). Next, the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C was decreased only in the PG (P = 0.013) while in the CG it was significantly increased (P = 0.018). After completing the trial the changes in all above listed indices were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the PG and CG groups. In faeces, the prevalence of L. fermentum ME-3 increased after 4 and 8 weeks (both P < 0.001), but the counts, determined with real-time PCR, remained constant. Conclusions: Eight weeks of consuming kefir with the antioxidative probiotic L. fermentum ME-3, reduced serum LDL-C, ox-LDL and TG values in clinically healthy volunteers with borderline-high lipid profile indices. Thus, L. fermentum ME-3 has potential to lower the risk of CVD that is tightly associated with maintenance of plasma lipid profile. This study was registered as current controlled trial http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN49744186 as ISRCTN49744186.

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“…The normal flora limits colonization of the gut by potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Conservation and fortification of this flora may be achieved through the use of oral supplements of bacteria (3). Today a growing industry has developed around the sale of probiotics as foods, dietary supplements and pharmaceutical formats for human use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Important Features of Probiotic Microorganisms in Pharmaceutical and Dairy Products

Mehrabani¹,

Ghaderian²,

Khodaii³

2013

Int J Enteric Pathog

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Background: Probiotic products are matrices for delivery of beneficial live bacteria to the host. The viable bacteria are being incorporated into dairy products as well as supplements. Objectives: The aim of the present study was evaluation and validation of probiotic contents in commercial products to select the optimum matrix for protection of viability and functionality of probiotic bacteria. Materials and Methods: A total of forty six lactic acid bacteria were isolated from ten pharmaceutical and ten dairy products. Their probiotic properties such as acid, salt and bile tolerance, antibiotic susceptibility tests, adherence to cell line, stability under refrigeration conditions and antagonistic activity against nine bacterial strains were assayed. Results: Results showed that the viable bacterial count of solid products were lower than stated number on their package. No difference was noticed between strains isolated from dairy and non-dairy products regarding antibiotic susceptibility and adherence properties. Pharmaceutical isolates were more potent against pathogens than dairy isolates. Conclusions: In conclusion, dairy products are better matrices for delivering bifidobacteria than non-dairy products. But, probiotic isolates from non-dairy products, showed better properties such as pathogen exclusion than dairy isolates.

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Bacteria in the Intestine, Helpful Residents or Enemies from Within?

Cited by 155 publications

References 159 publications

Health and environmental applications of gut microbiome: a review

Health and environmental applications of gut microbiome: a review

Regulation of plasma lipid profile by lactobacillus fermentum (probiotic strain ME-3 DSM14241) in a randomised controlled trial of clinically healthy adults

Important Features of Probiotic Microorganisms in Pharmaceutical and Dairy Products

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