Bacteria from Marine Sponges: A Source of Biologically Active Compounds

Abstract

The Red Sea marine sponges have been investigated for isolating novel bacterial strains. The main objective of the present study is to carry out a molecular level identification of the isolated sponge-associated bacteria and examination of their potential to produce biologically active compounds. Sponges were taxonomically identified as Amphimedon Ochracea and as an unidentified species of Amphimedon sp. Taxonomic and phylogenetic analyses on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that dominant phylum was Proteobacteria. The results of HPLC analysis revealed that the bacterial exhibited variable patterns of phenolic compounds. Phenolic contents of the examined crude extracts were found to be 2.7491±0.046 and 2.302±0.002 mg gallic equivalent/ml for the HA-MS-52 and HA-MS-11, respectively. Flavonoids contents of the crude extracts of the tested bacterial isolate equivalents of (+catechin) were found to be 12.6±0.634 and 12.5±0.014 for the HA-MS-52 and HA-MS-11 crude extracts. In addition, carotenoid contents tested in the bacterial extracts were Xanthophyll, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene. Among these compounds, Xanthophyll significantly showed the highest concentration in both extracts HA-MS-52[JX494759] and HA-MS-11[JX494760] (6.209 & 0.891 µg/ml, respectively); whereas β-carotene exhibited the lowest concentration (0.453 & 0.113 µg/ml, respectively). GC/MS profiling for the ethyl acetate extracts of the studied sponge-associated bacteria revealed the presence of various phytochemical compounds having different biological activities. Results of FTIR spectroscopic studies have revealed the presence of various chemical constituents in the ethyl acetate extract of the HA-MS-52 [JX494759] and HA-MS-11[JX494760] bacterial isolates. Elemental analysis of the ethyl acetate extracts of the HA-MS-52 [JX494759] and HA-MS-11[JX494760] bacterial isolates showed that the bacterial extract indicated the presence of essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, macro elements such as sodium, potassium and calcium and micro elements such as zinc, The ethyl acetate extract of the HA-MS-52[JX494759] showed un-detectable levels of magnesium, zinc, and bromine.In the meantime, the ethyl acetate extract of the HA-MS-11[JX494760] showed un-detectable levels of Iron. The results of DPPH test indicated that IC50 values of ethyl acetate extracts had high IC50 values of 1.156 and 2.73 mg/ml for the HA-MS-52 [JX494759] and HA-MS-11[JX494760], respectively. This may be due to the presence of some potent antioxidant compounds which are powerful antioxidants and have good radical scavenging activities. This results were confirmed by the nitric oxide assay (IC50: 5.72±0.002 & 8.96±0.001, respectively). The bacterial extracts showed also potent antioxidant activities using ABTS+ assay with percentage inhibition of IC50 = 0.16 & 8.854 mg/ml, respectively. The high potency of the as strong antioxidant capacity may returns to its high phenolic contents as well as high flavonoids compounds. In the present study highly significant to...

Flavonoids Biosynthesis in Plants as a Defense Mechanism: Role and Function Concerning Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetic Properties

“…Absorption, distribution, and metabolism are all impacted by changing the flavonoid skeleton. Methylation, which is the process of adding a methyl group to a substrate, controls cellular energy, epigenetics, and gene expression [93,94]. Methylated flavonoids, which get a methyl group through the hydroxyl group, and Cmethylated flavonoids, in which the methyl group is directly attached to the C atoms of the basic skeleton, are two different types of methylation flavonoids, depending on the location.…”

Sponge-Associated Bacteria: Isolation, Phylogenetic Analysis and Biotechnological Potential

“…One sample was collected from the National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries station, Hurghada at depth 2m (GPS: N: 27 17 07.45, E: 33 46 26.50). The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the Red Sea marine environment have been very recently extensively investigated [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Samples were cut from the sponge with a dive knife while wearing latex gloves and individual pieces were transferred to separate plastic sample collection bags, brought to the surface, maintained at ambient seawater temperature and transported to the laboratory in the same day of collection.…”

“…The highest level of total flavonoid content was observed in bacterial extract JX494761; although the contents of JX494759 crude extract were also high.It has been stated that the biological activities of Iraqi medicinal plants are related to the significantly higher flavonoid contents (TFC) as evidenced by the significantly positive correlation between the TFC and the inhibitory activity against β-glucuronidase enzyme [67]. Flavonoids, among other biologically active compounds such as sterols, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, and tannins support the significant bioactivity exhibited by our crude extracts including inhibitory properties against a wide range of pathogens [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]68]. There is an increasing interest toward research on flavonoids occurring in various sources of marine organisms including sponges and their associated bacteria due to their multipurpose health benefits such as free-radical scavenging property, anticancer activity, antiviral properties,…..etc.…”

“…There is an increasing interest toward research on flavonoids occurring in various sources of marine organisms including sponges and their associated bacteria due to their multipurpose health benefits such as free-radical scavenging property, anticancer activity, antiviral properties,…..etc. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”

“…Sponges have long been known as a source for natural products of pharmaceutical and medical relevance [1]. The Red Sea sponges have been the focus of much recent interest [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] because they form close associations with a wide variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa,…etc. This complex micro biota makes marine sponges of particular interest to microbial ecology studies and also offers a potentially invaluable source of novel genes and gene products for biotechnological applications [10].…”