Bacteria from Infectious Particles to Cell Based Anticancer Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Abstract

Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty cell envelopes of nonliving evacuated bacterial cells. They are free from their cytoplasmic contents; however, they sustain their cellular 3D morphology and antigenic structures, counting on bioadhesive properties. Lately, they have been tested as an advanced drug delivery system (DDS) for different materials like DNA, peptides, or drugs, either single components or combinations. Different studies have revealed that, BG DDS were paid the greatest attention in recent years. The current review explores the impact of BGs on the field of drug delivery and drug targeting. BGs have a varied area of applications, including vaccine and tumor therapy. Moreover, the use of BGs, their synthesis, their uniqueness as a delivery system and application principles in cancer are discussed. Furthermore, the safety issues of BGs and stability aspects of using ghost bacteria as delivery systems are discussed. Future perspective efforts that must be followed for this important system to continue to grow are important and promising.

Bacteria and Bacterial Components as Natural Bio-Nanocarriers for Drug and Gene Delivery Systems in Cancer Therapy

“…Since the bacterial cell membrane is completely preserved without any denaturation, BGs possess the same ability to stimulate immune responses as live bacteria. Therefore, BGs are one of the most studied bacterial component-based vehicles used as anticancer vaccines for tumor-targeting strategies [81,82].…”

Bacteria associated with glioma: a next wave in cancer treatment

“…In addition, the circulatory system at the tumor location is disordered, and the distance between capillaries is excellent; both hamper medication delivery ( Kashkooli et al., 2023 ). Due to their status as sentient beings, bacteria can move about independently and actively migrate through tumor tissues( Salem-Bekhit et al., 2021 ). It could be an effective drug carrier that more than makes up for the inefficiencies of standard chemotherapeutic drug delivery.…”

Cancer cell membrane-coated bacterial ghosts for highly efficient paclitaxel delivery against metastatic lung cancer

“…Moreover, based on their large inner space and complete outer walls, BGs can load a variety of cargoes, such as doxorubicin and ciprofloxacin 24 , 25 . Although most of the BGs lose their flagella, their strong immune stimulation effect is remained due to the presence of lipopolysaccharide and other cell wall components 26 , 27 . However, like live bacteria, the safety of BGs is still the key problem for their clinical applications.…”