Abstract:Cancer is one of the major causes of death globally, requiring everlasting efforts to develop novel, specific, effective, and safe treatment strategies. Despite advances in recent years, chemotherapy, as the primary treatment for cancer, still faces limitations such as the lack of specificity, drug resistance, and treatment failure. Bacterial toxins have great potential to be used as anticancer agents and can boost the effectiveness of cancer chemotherapeutics. Bacterial toxins exert anticancer effects by affe… Show more
“…However, a salient concern in harnessing bacterial agents for cancer therapeutics pertains to their potential cytotoxicity and pathogenic manifestations. To mitigate these risks, the scientific community has explored genetic engineering as a solution, allowing the excision of virulence-inducing genes while preserving therapeutic features [71]. However, the selection of bacteria is paramount: an ideal bacterial candidate should effectively permeate tumors, possess minimal infectiousness, and remain amenable to antibiotic-mediated elimination post-intervention.…”
Section: Bacterial Therapeutics For Tumor Treatment and Immune Modula...mentioning
This comprehensive review elucidates the profound relationship between the human microbiome and breast cancer management. Recent findings highlight the significance of microbial alterations in tissue, such as the gut and the breast, and their role in influencing the breast cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. We delve into how the gut microbiome can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, thereby impacting cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy. Furthermore, we explore the unique microbial diversity within breast tissue, indicating potential imbalances brought about by cancer and highlighting specific microbes as promising therapeutic targets. Emphasizing a holistic One Health approach, this review underscores the importance of integrating insights from human, animal, and environmental health to gain a deeper understanding of the complex microbe–cancer interplay. As the field advances, the strategic manipulation of the microbiome and its metabolites presents innovative prospects for the enhancement of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, rigorous clinical trials remain essential to confirm the potential of microbiota-based interventions in breast cancer management.
“…However, a salient concern in harnessing bacterial agents for cancer therapeutics pertains to their potential cytotoxicity and pathogenic manifestations. To mitigate these risks, the scientific community has explored genetic engineering as a solution, allowing the excision of virulence-inducing genes while preserving therapeutic features [71]. However, the selection of bacteria is paramount: an ideal bacterial candidate should effectively permeate tumors, possess minimal infectiousness, and remain amenable to antibiotic-mediated elimination post-intervention.…”
Section: Bacterial Therapeutics For Tumor Treatment and Immune Modula...mentioning
This comprehensive review elucidates the profound relationship between the human microbiome and breast cancer management. Recent findings highlight the significance of microbial alterations in tissue, such as the gut and the breast, and their role in influencing the breast cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. We delve into how the gut microbiome can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, thereby impacting cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy. Furthermore, we explore the unique microbial diversity within breast tissue, indicating potential imbalances brought about by cancer and highlighting specific microbes as promising therapeutic targets. Emphasizing a holistic One Health approach, this review underscores the importance of integrating insights from human, animal, and environmental health to gain a deeper understanding of the complex microbe–cancer interplay. As the field advances, the strategic manipulation of the microbiome and its metabolites presents innovative prospects for the enhancement of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, rigorous clinical trials remain essential to confirm the potential of microbiota-based interventions in breast cancer management.
“…Many bacterial endotoxins were found to harbor an anti-cancer effect. Examples are the cytotoxic necrotizing factor (CNF) secreted by Escherichia coli that was found to suppress cellular differentiation and induce apoptosis ( Khoshnood et al ., 2022 ). Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a gram-negative non-fermentative bacillus, secretes several exotoxins, including exotoxin A & T, that induce caspase 3-dependent apoptosis and DNA fragmentation ( Wolf and Elsässer-Beile, 2009 ; Goldufsky et al ., 2015 ).…”
Apoptosis, programmed cell death pathway, is a vital physiological mechanism that ensures cellular homeostasis and overall cellular well-being. In the context of cancer, where evasion of apoptosis is a hallmark, the overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl2, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 has been documented. Consequently, these proteins have emerged as promising targets for therapeutic interventions. The BCL-2 protein family is central to apoptosis and plays a significant importance in determining cellular fate serving as a critical determinant in this biological process. This review offers a comprehensive exploration of the BCL-2 protein family, emphasizing its dual nature. Specifically, certain members of this family promote cell survival (known as anti-apoptotic proteins), while others are involved in facilitating cell death (referred to as pro-apoptotic and BH3-only proteins). The potential of directly targeting these proteins is examined, particularly due to their involvement in conferring resistance to traditional cancer therapies. The effectiveness of such targeting strategies is also discussed, considering the tumor's propensity for anti-apoptotic pathways. Furthermore, the review highlights emerging research on combination therapies, where BCL-2 inhibitors are used synergistically with other treatments to enhance therapeutic outcomes. By understanding and manipulating the BCL-2 family and its associated pathways, we open doors to innovative and more effective cancer treatments, offering hope for resistant and aggressive cases.
“…However, a salient concern in harnessing bacterial agents for cancer therapeutics pertains to their potential cytotoxicity and pathogenic manifestations. To mitigate these risks, the scientific community has explored genetic engineering as a solution, allowing the excision of virulenceinducing genes while preserving therapeutic features [25]. Yet, the selection of bacteria is paramount: an ideal bacterial candidate should effectively permeate tumors, possess a minimal infectious propensity, and remain amenable to antibiotic-mediated elimination post-intervention.…”
Section: Bacterial Therapeutics For Tumor Treatment and Immune Modula...mentioning
This comprehensive review elucidates the profound relationship between the human microbiome and breast cancer managrement. Recent findings highlight the significance of microbial alterations in tissues, such as the gut and the breast, and their role in influencing breast cancer risk, development, progression, and treatment outcomes. We delve into how the gut microbiome can modulate systemic inflammatory responses and estrogen levels, thereby impacting cancer initiation and therapeutic drug efficacy. Furthermore, we explore the unique microbial diversity within breast tissue, indicating potential imbalances brought about by cancer and highlighting specific microbes as promising therapeutic targets. Emphasizing a holistic One Health approach, this review underscores the importance of integrating insights from human, animal, and environmental health to gain a deeper understanding of the complex microbe-cancer interplay. As the field advances, strategic manipulation of the microbiome and its metabolites presents innovative prospects for enhancing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. However, rigorous clinical trials remain essential to confirm the potential of microbiota-based interventions in breast cancer management.
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