Backyard pigs are a reservoir of zoonotic hepatitis E virus in southern Brazil

Silva, M S da; Silveira, Simone; Caron, Vitória Schmidt; Mósena, Ana Cristina Sbaraini; Weber, Matheus Nunes; Cibulski, Samuel Paulo; Medeiros, Antonio Augusto Rosa; Silva, G S; Corbellini, Luís Gustavo; Klein, Rafaela Luiza; Kreutz, Luiz Carlos; Frandoloso, Rafael; Canal, Cláudio Wageck

doi:10.1093/trstmh/try017

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…According to Cleaveland et al (2001), 77% of pathogens from livestock animals can infect multiple hosts. Swine species can act as reservoirs of many other pathogens, including hepatitis E virus, Streptococcus suis, and Taenia solium (Da Silva et al, 2018;Chu et al, 2019). Livestock and domestic animals can also transmit pathogens to wild species (Mahapatra et al, 2015;Bevins et al, 2018).…”

Section: Animal Host-associated Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention

Ellwanger

Chies

2021

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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The transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is called "zoonotic spillover" . Most human infectious diseases (60-75%) are derived from pathogens that originally circulated in non-human animal species. This demonstrates that spillover has a fundamental role in the emergence of new human infectious diseases. Understanding the factors that facilitate the transmission of pathogens from wild animals to humans is essential to establish strategies focused on the reduction of the frequency of spillover events. In this context, this article describes the basic aspects of zoonotic spillover and the main factors involved in spillover events, considering the role of the inter-species interactions, phylogenetic distance between host species, environmental drivers, and specific characteristics of the pathogens, animals, and humans. As an example, the factors involved in the emergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic are discussed, indicating what can be learned from this public health emergency, and what can be applied to the Brazilian scenario. Finally, this article discusses actions to prevent or reduce the frequency of zoonotic spillover events.

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Section: Animal Host-associated Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention

Ellwanger

Chies

2021

Genet. Mol. Biol.

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“…In pigs from family-scale the anti-HEV IgG prevalence was 0% [ 61 ] and 67% [ 60 ] in the Midwest region, and 77.6% in the South region [ 71 ]. Regarding the detection of HEV RNA in stools of pigs from family-scale farms, 8% [ 61 ] and 24% [ 62 ] were found positive in the Midwest region, and 20% [ 68 ] in the South region.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concerning the molecular characterization of HEV strains detected in Brazil, studies showed that all HEVs found in Brazil were classified as HEV-3 (6 studies in humans, 15 in swine and animal products, and 2 on environmental samples). HEV-3 is known to have a zoonotic (swine) origin and the subtypes 3b and 3i were detected in humans [33,40,45] and pigs [61,62,65,66,[68][69][70][71][72], while the subtypes 3c [57,65,71], subtype 3d [61], subtype 3f [57,58,62] and subtypes 3h [61,71] have been only detected in pigs. As molecular studies have been performed using several molecular assays and primer choices, different regions of HEV have been targeted and characterized.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad

Moraes

Mesquita

Dutra

et al. 2021

Animals

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Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world with diverse socioeconomic and sanitary conditions, also being the fourth largest pig producer in the world. The aim of the present systematic review was to collect and summarize all HEV published data from Brazil (from 1995 to October 2020) performed in humans, animals, and the environment, in a One Health perspective. A total of 2173 papers were retrieved from five search databases (LILACs, Mendeley, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) resulting in 71 eligible papers after application of exclusion/inclusion criteria. Data shows that HEV genotype 3 (HEV-3) was the only retrieved genotype in humans, animals, and environment in Brazil. The South region showed the highest human seroprevalence and also the highest pig density and industry, suggesting a zoonotic link. HEV-1 and 2 were not detected in Brazil, despite the low sanitary conditions of some regions. From the present review we infer that HEV epidemiology in Brazil is similar to that of industrialized countries (only HEV-3, swine reservoirs, no waterborne transmission, no association with low sanitary conditions). Hence, we alert for the implementation of HEV surveillance systems in swine and for the consideration of HEV in the diagnostic routine of acute and chronic hepatitis in humans.

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“…For much of recorded history, humans have farmed these animals in traditional ways, keeping just enough animals for personal or family consumption ( Salaheen et al, 2015 ). In these traditional systems, while humans are exposed to zoonotic pathogens because of possible introduction of pathogens from wildlife and intimate contact with animals ( Pohjola et al, 2016 ; da Silva et al, 2018 ; Nicholson et al, 2020 ), the impact of such zoonotic transmission is limited by the small numbers of these animals ( Espinosa et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introduction Of Concentrated Animal Feeding Operationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

et al. 2022

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Animal farming has intensified significantly in recent decades, with the emergence of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in industrialized nations. The congregation of susceptible animals in CAFOs can lead to heavy environmental contamination with pathogens, promoting the emergence of hyper-transmissible, and virulent pathogens. As a result, CAFOs have been associated with emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, hepatitis E virus, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Streptococcus suis, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Cryptosporidium parvum in farm animals. This has led to increased transmission of zoonotic pathogens in humans and changes in disease patterns in general communities. They are exemplified by the common occurrence of outbreaks of illnesses through direct and indirect contact with farm animals, and wide occurrence of similar serotypes or subtypes in both humans and farm animals in industrialized nations. Therefore, control measures should be developed to slow down the dispersal of zoonotic pathogens associated with CAFOs and prevent the emergence of new pathogens of epidemic and pandemic potential.

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Backyard pigs are a reservoir of zoonotic hepatitis E virus in southern Brazil

Abstract: MF438128-MF438135.

Cited by 14 publications

References 22 publications

Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention

Zoonotic spillover: Understanding basic aspects for better prevention

Systematic Review of Hepatitis E Virus in Brazil: A One-Health Approach of the Human-Animal-Environment Triad

Association of Common Zoonotic Pathogens With Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

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