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Assessing the Impact of an ESL/bilingual Program by Means of Instrumental Variable Estimation

“…Ravitch (1986) observErl that the research available is too weak, too inconclusive and too p:)liticized to serve as a basis for national pol icy. other research efforts on the effectiveness of bilingual education have been favorable (Burnham & Pena, 1986;Crawford, 1987;Cummins, 1986;Hakuta, 1986;Krashen & Biber, 1988;Long, 1983;Willig, 1985Willig, , 1987. These studies have derronstrated that bilingual education seems to be effective in increasing gains in English language and other academic subjects.…”

Applying Conventional Combustion Science and Technology to Alternative Energy Resources in Industrial Systems

“…Our civilization breeds on the combustion of fuel for useful heat in the industries, at home, in the streets, and actually in every aspect of human life [1]. With the exception of a small monopropellant and tripropellant reactant system used in rocketry, combustion is generally understood to entail the chemical reaction between materials-fuel and oxidant [1,2]. The combustion of coal, oil or gas for the purpose of heating and power production is an example of stationary equipment.…”

“…Life hinges on energy and a good and sustainable source is the penultimate desire of all nations. In all African countries wood fuels have been and will continue to play a significant role in meeting the energy demand for cooking, water and space heating [1][2][3][4]. The increasing trend of wood fuel utilization shall be sustained for a long time as urbanization in most African countries implies a shift from fuel wood to charcoal; and the low carbonization efficiencies of charcoal production processes mean greater wood demand and consequently greater pressure on forest resources [4].…”