Back on your own: migración de retorno y la respuesta del gobierno federal en México

Abstract

U.S.-Mexico migration has been completely transformed. Currently, more Mexicans return from the United States to Mexico than those who migrate to that country. Millions of Mexican migrants have left the United States due to the economic recession, a harsher immigration policy, and a stronger deportation system. Mexican returnees, voluntary and involuntary, present a diverse profile and wide-ranging reintegration needs, which constitutes a challenge for the government in Mexico. Here we analyze specific initiatives and programs created by the Mexican federal government to serve returnees, also we identify various challenges and areas of improvement. Finally, we offer recommendations for a better reintegration of the returnee population.

Return Migration and Reintegration in Serbia: Are All Returnees the Same?

“…The results confirmed the hypothesis that returnees are a heterogeneous category of individuals with different needs and whose migration and post-migration paths can vary widely according to their different socio-demographic characteristics and depend on various factors, including the time spent abroad, time spent in Serbia after return, etc. The results of this research are consistent with findings [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] that the factors influencing return are complex and are, in turn, influenced by a variety of social and economic pull and push factors. In addition, the findings of this research are consistent with certain work [32], which implies that the factors influencing return are increasingly a matter of personal choice, as supported by the fact that the majority of respondents returned either out of a longing for their country of origin or a desire to spend their retirement in Serbia.…”

“…In the 21st century, the results of various studies have shown that the process of return migration is highly complex. A number of researchers [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] have found that the decision to return is influenced by various factors, such as family reasons, integration problems in the host country (including discrimination), return at the insistence of partners and/or children, etc. Evidence exists to suggest that migrants' return plans can be negotiated in the context of a variety of personal, family and professional considerations [38] but also that migrants are much more likely to return for social reasons and much less likely to do so for educational or employment reasons [39].…”

A multi‐scalar critical analysis of return migration policies in Mexico

“…Returnees encounter systems of oppression that result in vulnerabilities when reintegrating into their home societies. Return migrants can be exposed to violence and insecurity; low access to employment; and inadequate housing, health, and education (Birara, 2017, 36; International Organization of Migration [IOM], 2020; IOM, 2021; Jacobo & Cárdenas‐Alaminos, 2018; Jacobo‐Suárez & Cárdenas‐Alaminos, 2020; OJF, 2019).…”

Transnational Students Facing Multiple Crises: Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Oaxaca, Mexico

“…It has been one of the Mexican states most affected by Trump's immigration policies. Data from the Migration Policy Unit (2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021) indicate an increase in the number of deportations; out of a total of 779,731 Mexicans deported, 69,835 were Oaxacans. In May 2020, when the United States had the highest number of COVID-19 infections and deaths worldwide, more than 4,000 Oaxacan migrants were deported (Cruz 2020).…”