Back on the scent: the olfactory system in CNS demyelinating diseases

Joseph, Albert; DeLuca, Gabriele C.

doi:10.1136/jnnp-2015-312600

Cited by 26 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…One scent molecule may bind to different receptors with varying affinities and activate several receptors at once, forming a complex scent fingerprint [ 2,3 ] that is carried to the central nervous system (CNS) for analysis ( Figure a). [ 4–6 ] It is this integration of olfactory receptor combinatorics with CNS pattern recognition that allows the olfactory system to discriminate scents so efficiently.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Food‐Freshness Prediction Platform Based on Colorimetric Barcode Combinatorics and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

et al. 2020

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Artificial scent screening systems (known as electronic noses, E‐noses) have been researched extensively. A portable, automatic, and accurate, real‐time E‐nose requires both robust cross‐reactive sensing and fingerprint pattern recognition. Few E‐noses have been commercialized because they suffer from either sensing or pattern‐recognition issues. Here, cross‐reactive colorimetric barcode combinatorics and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) are combined to form a system for monitoring meat freshness that concurrently provides scent fingerprint and fingerprint recognition. The barcodes—comprising 20 different types of porous nanocomposites of chitosan, dye, and cellulose acetate—form scent fingerprints that are identifiable by DCNN. A fully supervised DCNN trained using 3475 labeled barcode images predicts meat freshness with an overall accuracy of 98.5%. Incorporating DCNN into a smartphone application forms a simple platform for rapid barcode scanning and identification of food freshness in real time. The system is fast, accurate, and non‐destructive, enabling consumers and all stakeholders in the food supply chain to monitor food freshness.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Portable Food‐Freshness Prediction Platform Based on Colorimetric Barcode Combinatorics and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

et al. 2020

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“…In the 1980s, a link between chronic sinusitis and MS relapses was established by Derek Gay, in the absence of any isolated pathogen, which is especially pertinent in light of newer ‘nose-to-brain’ hypotheses of MS aetiology 47. Further longitudinal studies have shown a correlation between clinical systemic infection and MS relapses.…”

Section: Environmental Influencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis: reframing pathogenesis around the blood-brain barrier

Spencer

Bell

DeLuca

2017

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

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119

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Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption has long been recognised as an important early feature of multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology. Traditionally, this has been seen as a by-product of the myelin-specific immune response. Here, we consider whether vascular changes instead play a central role in disease pathogenesis, rather than representing a secondary effect of neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration. Importantly, this is not necessarily mutually exclusive from current hypotheses. Vascular pathology in a genetically predisposed individual, influenced by environmental factors such as pathogens, hypovitaminosis D and smoking, may be a critical initiator of a series of events including hypoxia, protein deposition and immune cell egress that allows the development of a CNS-specific immune response and the classical pathological and clinical hallmarks of disease. We review the changes that occur in BBB function and cerebral perfusion in patients with MS and highlight genetic and environmental risk factors that, in addition to modulating immune function, may also converge to act on the vasculature. Further context is provided by contrasting these changes with other neurological diseases in which there is also BBB malfunction, and highlighting current disease-modifying therapies that may also have an effect on the BBB. Indeed, in reframing current evidence in this model, the vasculature could become an important therapeutic target in MS.

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“…The present evidence revealed that the mean incidence of olfactory function in MS patients was 11-50% (average: 35.6%) through psychophysical methods. 10 Several commonly used olfactory evaluation methods include the Sniffin' Sticks test, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test, simplified odor Identification test, T/T olfactory meter test, and Connecticut Chemical sensory Clinical Research Center olfactory test among the category. Of note, the results differ in nature and extent with different methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Change in Functional Brain Activation Patterns Induced by Olfactory Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis</p>

Ouyang¹,

Wang

Zhang³

et al. 2020

NDT

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Background: Olfactory disorder is one of the commonly appearing symptoms in diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, reports of olfactory changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) are scarce and usually ignored or seldom recognized by clinicians. The majority of current research is based on subjective answers obtained by smelling odorants. Objective: To gain better insights into the central brain regions involved in the olfactory process. We measured preliminary contrast assessment characteristics of brain activation in MS patients and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) under an odor stimulation task. Methods: Olfactory event-related fMRI was used to assess the olfactory network neuronal activity during passively inhaled volatile gases of lavender and rose solutions alternately in 18 MS patients and 20 healthy sex-and age-matched adults. Spearman correlation analysis was conducted between the lesions in central and olfactory-induced activated brain regions. Results: We observed significant reductions in the number of activated brain areas compared with healthy controls in MS patients under a standard activation mode; the right insula, right amygdala, right inferior frontal gyrus, right frontal middle gyrus, and left supramarginal gyrus were activated in MS patients (t = 2.04, P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the intensity of the activated olfactory brain network revealed attenuation. The Spearman correlation analysis indicated the distribution and number of demyelination lesions, exerting a little impact on major activation of brain regions during olfactory stimulation (r =-0.524, P = 0.054). Conclusion: This study establishes that olfaction-related brain regions were altered in patients with MS confirmed by fMRI. The finding refreshes the awareness that olfactory disturbance involved just in structural pathology like olfactory bulbs and tracts or olfactory sulcus, which reportedly is responsible for the deficits.

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Back on the scent: the olfactory system in CNS demyelinating diseases

Cited by 26 publications

References 64 publications

Portable Food‐Freshness Prediction Platform Based on Colorimetric Barcode Combinatorics and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Portable Food‐Freshness Prediction Platform Based on Colorimetric Barcode Combinatorics and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

Vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis: reframing pathogenesis around the blood-brain barrier

<p>Change in Functional Brain Activation Patterns Induced by Olfactory Stimulation in Multiple Sclerosis</p>

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