Bacitracin

Futuristic Non-antibiotic Therapies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: A Review

“…The crude mortality owing to infectious diseases in India was 416.75 per 100,000 persons, which was twice the rate prevailing in United States (roughly 200 per 100,000 persons; (Armstrong et al, 1999). It has been observed that there is a significant surge in the global consumption of antibiotics (increased by 65%, 21.1-34.8 billion DDDs (defined Penicillin 19431940,1965, 1967,1976(Ventola, 2015 Ampicillin 19611962,1964(Fischer et al, 2010Ravina, 2011) Amoxicillin 1972 1977 (Fischer et al, 2010;Roy, 2011) Methicillin 1960 1960 (Jevons, 1961) Cephalosporins (β-Lactam) Cefotaxime 1980 1983 (Knothe et al, 1983) Ceftaroline 2010 2011 (FDA, 2010;CDC, 2013) Avibactam inhibits serine β-lactamases enzyme Ceftazidime (3 rd Generation cephalosporins)…”

“…Prontosil 1936, 19351942(Lesch, 2007Simon, 2011) Sulfamethoxazole 1961 1960 (Akiba et al, 1960;Stamm and Hooton, 1993;Andrew, 2013) Tetracyclines Protein biosynthesis inhibition Tetracycline 1950 1959 (Ramsey and Edwards, 1961;Fischer et al, 2010) Macrolide Erythromycin 1953 1956 (Finland et al, 1956) Azithromycin 1980 2011 (Soge et al, 2012) Oxazolidinones Linezolid 2000 2001 (Tsiodras et al, 2001;Li and Corey, 2013;Török et al, 2016 (Weinberg, 1967;Mary, 2007) Aztreonam 1984, 19861986(Res et al, 2017 Imipenem 1985 1996 (Troillet et al, 1997;Fischer et al, 2010) Lincosamides Interfering with the synthesis of proteins Clindamycin 1966 1971 (Watanakunakorn, 1976;Troillet et al, 1997) daily doses) during 2000 to 2015, which was mainly driven by low-and middle-income countries) (Klein et al, 2018). Recently, Klein et al, used an indicator (Drug Resistance Index, DRI) to elucidate the effectiveness of antibiotic therapy by combining antibiotic consumption and resistance (Klein et al, 2019).…”