Bacillus coreaensis sp. nov.: a xylan-hydrolyzing bacterium isolated from the soil of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea

Abstract

A xylan-degrading bacterium, designated as MS5(T) strain, was isolated from soil collected from the Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Strain MS5(T) was Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, and motile by polar flagellum. The major fatty acids identified in this bacterium were iso-C15:0 (32.3%), C16:0 (27.3%), and anteiso-C15:0 (10.2%). A similarity search based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that the strain belongs to the class Bacilli and shared the highest similarity with the type strains Bacillus beringensis BR035(T) (98.7%) and Bacillus korlensis ZLC-26(T) (98.6%) which form a coherent cluster in a neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. The DNA G+C content of strain MS5(T) was 43.0 mol%. The major menaquinone was MK-7 and the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. The DNADNA relatedness values between strain MS5(T) and two closely related species, B. beringensis BR035(T) and B. korlensis ZLC-26(T), were less than 70%. DNA-DNA relatedness analysis and 16S rRNA sequence similarity, as well as phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics suggest that the strain MS5(T) constitutes a novel Bacillus species, for which the name Bacillus coreaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MS5(T) (=DSM25506(T) =KCTC13895(T)).

A combined physical–chemical and microbiological approach to unveil the fabrication, provenance, and state of conservation of the Kinkarakawa-gami art

“…Since these enzymes are responsible for the degradation of phenol substrates 45,47 , the partial identification of vibrational modes typical of urushiol polymerization or Indigo ( Supplementary Tables 1-4) could be ascribed to the biotic deterioration of both Urushi lacquer and organic pigment, as Japanese lacquer IR contributions were found within sampling points where fungal strains were isolated (Tables 2, 3). A similar conclusion can be made for C 4 (11)3 and C 4 (11)2 isolates phylogenetically related to B. coreaensis and C. ramotenellum respectively, whose production and secretion of xylanases and laccases is one of their distinctive metabolic traits 37,40,44 . Further, Bacillus [C 4 (13) (11)2] are proficient in degrading gelatine and starch, which were two of the most used binders in Japanese tradition 15,27 .…”

“…The microbial isolates C 4 (11)3, C 4 (13)1, C 7 (11)1, and C 4 (11)2 closely related to B. coreaensis, B. pocheonensis, M. chokoriensis, and Cladosporium cf. ramotenellum respectively (Table 3), and autochthonous of Kinkarakawagami, are commonly found in several environmental matrices of Korea, China, Thailand, and Japan [37][38][39][40] , confirming the eastern provenance of these wallpapers. Besides, these microorganisms hold enzymatic assets (i.e., xylanases and laccases) that enable them to degrade and depolymerize (1) lignin and cellulose compounds 37,[40][41][42][43][44] , (2) lacquers [45][46][47] , and (3) organic pigments 46,48 .…”