Bacillus cereus Panophthalmitis Appearing as Acute Glaucoma in a Drug Addict

Grossnikiaus, Hans E.; Bruner, William E.; Frank, K; Purnell, Edward W.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(85)90809-8

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Among members of the Bacillus cereus sensu lato group (comprised of Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis), only B. cereus and B. thuringiensis have been reported as the causative agents of intraocular infection (21)(22)(23)(24)(25). Significant vision loss has been reported to occur in the majority of Bacillus endophthalmitis cases, with half of those devastating cases resulting in removal of the globe (enucleation) (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Bacillus endophthalmitis is indeed a medical emergency, and its rapid and severe course requires immediate therapeutic attention to prevent further deterioration of the eye (33)(34)(35)(36).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus S-Layer-Mediated Innate Interactions During Endophthalmitis

et al. 2020

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Bacillus endophthalmitis is a severe intraocular infection. Hallmarks of Bacillus endophthalmitis include robust inflammation and rapid loss of vision. We reported that the absence of Bacillus surface layer protein (SLP) significantly blunted endophthalmitis severity. Here, we further investigated SLP in the context of Bacillus-retinal cell interactions and innate immune pathways to explore the mechanisms by which SLP contributes to intraocular inflammation. We compared phenotypes of Wild-type (WT) and SLP deficient ( slpA) Bacillus thuringiensis by analyzing bacterial adherence to and phagocytosis by human retinal Muller cells and phagocytosis by mouse neutrophils. Innate immune receptor activation by the Bacillus envelope and purified SLP was analyzed using TLR2/4 reporter cell lines. A synthetic TLR2/4 inhibitor was used as a control for this receptor activation. To induce endophthalmitis, mouse eyes were injected intravitreally with 100 CFU WT or slpA B. thuringiensis. A group of WT infected mice was treated intravitreally with a TLR2/4 inhibitor at 4 h postinfection. At 10 h postinfection, infected eyes were analyzed for viable bacteria, inflammation, and retinal function. We observed that B. thuringiensis SLPs contributed to retinal Muller cell adherence, and protected this pathogen from Muller cell-and neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis. We found that B. thuringiensis envelope activated TLR2 and, surprisingly, TLR4, suggesting the presence of a surface-associated TLR4 agonist in Bacillus. Further investigation showed that purified SLP from B. thuringiensis activated TLR4, as well as TLR2 in vitro. Growth of WT B. thuringiensis was significantly higher and caused greater inflammation in untreated eyes than in eyes treated with the TLR2/4 inhibitor. Retinal function analysis also showed greater retention of A-wave and B-wave function in infected eyes treated with the TLR2/4 inhibitor. The TLR2/4 inhibitor was not antibacterial in vitro, and did not cause inflammation when injected into uninfected eyes. Taken together, these results suggest a potential role for Bacillus SLP in host-bacterial interactions, as well as in endophthalmitis pathogenesis via TLR2-and TLR4-mediated pathways.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus S-Layer-Mediated Innate Interactions During Endophthalmitis

et al. 2020

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“…cereus endophthalmitis can be divided into two categories: exogenous, attributable to globe-penetrating eye trauma, and endogenous, originating through the hematogenous seeding of the posterior segment of the eye from a distant site or through direct intravenous acquisition through blood transfusion (75), indwelling devices, or contaminated needles or injection paraphernalia or illicit drugs (59,98,119,127) or by iatrogenic administration of medications such as B vitamins (21) and insulin (101). Bouza et al (21) reported a case of severe suppurative endogenous panophthalmitis caused by B. cereus in a 43-year-old man, which resulted from the intravenous administration of B vitamins obtained from three multidose vitaminand mineral-containing vials, which, when cultured, grew pure cultures of B. cereus.…”

Section: Endophthalmitis Case Vignettementioning

confidence: 99%

Bacillus cereus , a Volatile Human Pathogen

2010

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SUMMARY Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed environmentally. While B. cereus is associated mainly with food poisoning, it is being increasingly reported to be a cause of serious and potentially fatal non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases. The major hurdle in evaluating B. cereus when isolated from a clinical specimen is overcoming its stigma as an insignificant contaminant. Outside its notoriety in association with food poisoning and severe eye infections, this bacterium has been incriminated in a multitude of other clinical conditions such as anthrax-like progressive pneumonia, fulminant sepsis, and devastating central nervous system infections, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals, intravenous drug abusers, and neonates. Its role in nosocomial acquired bacteremia and wound infections in postsurgical patients has also been well defined, especially when intravascular devices such as catheters are inserted. Primary cutaneous infections mimicking clostridial gas gangrene induced subsequent to trauma have also been well documented. B. cereus produces a potent β-lactamase conferring marked resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobials noted to be effective in the empirical management of a B. cereus infection while awaiting antimicrobial susceptibility results for the isolate include ciprofloxacin and vancomycin.

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“…Die Haufigkeit ist jedoch sicher höher, da viele Patienten mit dieser Erkrankung aufgrund der Begleiterkrankungen oft nicht augenarztlich untersucht werden. Die meisten publizierten Kasuistiken sind klinisch Kim Monatsbl Augenheilkd 1999 214: 44-49 1999 F. Enke Verlag Stuttgart orientiert (19,4,7,10,14,19),und es finden sich nurwenige Publikationen mit histologischen Befunden aus der Akutphase der metastatisch bakteriellen Endophthalmitis (1,3,6,13,20). Wir berichten einen Patient, der im Endstadium einer aplastischen Anämie die Zeichen einer metastatischen Endophthalmitis zeigte.…”

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Okuläre Bakteriose bei einem Patienten mit aplastischer Anämie

Spraul¹,

Roth²,

Möller³

et al. 1999

Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd

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The histologic results in our patient displayed numerous bacilli without inflammatory reaction which was a result of the aplastic state. Therefore, this disease was classified as "ocular bacteriosis". The blood-ocular barrier undergoes direct assault with intraocular inflammation and the impermeability to blood-borne antibiotics is lost. However, with the lack of an inflammatory reaction the permeability to antibiotics may be too low and the achieved concentration insufficient.

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Bacillus cereus Panophthalmitis Appearing as Acute Glaucoma in a Drug Addict

Cited by 19 publications

References 2 publications

Bacillus S-Layer-Mediated Innate Interactions During Endophthalmitis

Bacillus S-Layer-Mediated Innate Interactions During Endophthalmitis

Bacillus cereus , a Volatile Human Pathogen

Okuläre Bakteriose bei einem Patienten mit aplastischer Anämie

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