Bacillus cereus Endogenous Panophthalmitis

Bouza, Emilio; Grant, Scott; Jordan, M. Colin; Yook, Richard H.; Sulit, Hector L.

doi:10.1001/archopht.1979.01020010248012

Cited by 38 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…With the advent of the Etest, in 2004, Turnbull et al (132) reported their results for MICs of selected antibiotics against 67 B. cereus strains implicated in nongastrointestinal infections (21) and food poisoning (15) and from the environment (31). With this selection of isolates, those authors thought the results would give the greatest guidance for initial empirical therapy of B. cereus infections.…”

Section: Antibiotic Susceptibilitycontrasting

confidence: 41%

“…cereus endophthalmitis can be divided into two categories: exogenous, attributable to globe-penetrating eye trauma, and endogenous, originating through the hematogenous seeding of the posterior segment of the eye from a distant site or through direct intravenous acquisition through blood transfusion (75), indwelling devices, or contaminated needles or injection paraphernalia or illicit drugs (59,98,119,127) or by iatrogenic administration of medications such as B vitamins (21) and insulin (101). Bouza et al (21) reported a case of severe suppurative endogenous panophthalmitis caused by B. cereus in a 43-year-old man, which resulted from the intravenous administration of B vitamins obtained from three multidose vitaminand mineral-containing vials, which, when cultured, grew pure cultures of B. cereus. The patient received twice-weekly intravenous injections by his private physician for several weeks.…”

Section: Endophthalmitis Case Vignettementioning

confidence: 51%

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Bacillus cereus , a Volatile Human Pathogen

2010

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SUMMARY Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, motile, spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium that is widely distributed environmentally. While B. cereus is associated mainly with food poisoning, it is being increasingly reported to be a cause of serious and potentially fatal non-gastrointestinal-tract infections. The pathogenicity of B. cereus, whether intestinal or nonintestinal, is intimately associated with the production of tissue-destructive exoenzymes. Among these secreted toxins are four hemolysins, three distinct phospholipases, an emesis-inducing toxin, and proteases. The major hurdle in evaluating B. cereus when isolated from a clinical specimen is overcoming its stigma as an insignificant contaminant. Outside its notoriety in association with food poisoning and severe eye infections, this bacterium has been incriminated in a multitude of other clinical conditions such as anthrax-like progressive pneumonia, fulminant sepsis, and devastating central nervous system infections, particularly in immunosuppressed individuals, intravenous drug abusers, and neonates. Its role in nosocomial acquired bacteremia and wound infections in postsurgical patients has also been well defined, especially when intravascular devices such as catheters are inserted. Primary cutaneous infections mimicking clostridial gas gangrene induced subsequent to trauma have also been well documented. B. cereus produces a potent β-lactamase conferring marked resistance to β-lactam antibiotics. Antimicrobials noted to be effective in the empirical management of a B. cereus infection while awaiting antimicrobial susceptibility results for the isolate include ciprofloxacin and vancomycin.

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Section: Antibiotic Susceptibilitycontrasting

confidence: 41%

Section: Endophthalmitis Case Vignettementioning

confidence: 51%

Bacillus cereus , a Volatile Human Pathogen

2010

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“…Although food-borne gastroenteritis is the most common malady attributed to B. cereus (41), the most devastating is B. cereus endophthalmitis (1,4,17). B. cereus elaborates a variety of extracellular membrane-active enzymes and cytolytic toxins.…”

supporting

confidence: 41%

A Bacillus cereus cytolytic determinant, cereolysin AB, which comprises the phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase genes: nucleotide sequence and genetic linkage

et al. 1989

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A cloned cytolytic determinant from the genome of Bacillus cereus Bacillus cereus, a common soil saprophyte, has been recognized as an opportunistic pathogen of increasing importance (reviewed in reference 41). Although food-borne gastroenteritis is the most common malady attributed to B. cereus (41), the most devastating is B. cereus endophthalmitis (1, 4, 17). B. cereus elaborates a variety of extracellular membrane-active enzymes and cytolytic toxins. These membrane-active proteins include a phospholipase C (34), sphingomyelinase (22), phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (23), cereolysin (7; a cytolysin of the streptolysin 0, thiol-activated class), and a second, heat stabile cytolysin about which little is known (8, 10, 37). Phospholipase C, sphingomyelinase, and cereolysin have been highly purified and used in studies of membrane structure (6,29,43) and in studies on the evolution of cytolysins produced by diverse genera of gram-positive bacteria (13,38). Phospholipase C is a Zn metalloenzyme of 23,000 daltons (34) which shows a high degree of stability in chaotropic agents and surfactants (27,28). The sphingomyelinase produced by B. cereus is a protein of between 41,000 and 23,300 daltons, depending on the method of analysis used (40), and requires divalent cations for activity (21).As a first step in determining the contribution that extracellular membrane-active proteins make to the ecology and virulence of B. cereus, a gene bank was established. Identification of a cloned cytolytic determinant from this B. cereuls GP-4 library has been reported (25). To gain insight into the relationship of the cloned cytolysin determinant to membrane-active proteins of B. cereus, nucleotide sequence and enzyme activity analyses were undertaken. The results reported here show that the cytolytic determinant cloned from B. cereus is composed of tandemly arranged genes for two distinct protein products, the activities of both being required to effect target cell lysis (hemolysis as tested). Moreover, the individual cytolysin components possess * Corresponding author. phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase activity, respectively. These data suggest that although the sphingomyelinase and phospholipase C of B. cereus have been studied in detail individually, their function in nature appears to be as a cytolytic unit representing the heat-stabile hemolysin previously observed. MATERIALS AND METHODSBacterial strains, plasmids, and growth conditions. Bacterial strains and plasmids used in these experiments are listed in Table 1. Escherichia coli strains were routinely cultured in 2XYT medium (31) with aeration. Bacillus subtilis cultures were grown in HGP broth as previously described (25). Tetracycline (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo.) was incorporated into liquid and solid (1.2% agar) media at concentrations of 10 ,ug/ml for selection of resistant B. subtilis and E. coli strains. Ampicillin (Sigma) was used at 100 pRg/ml to select for recombinants cloned into the vectors pUC8,45). In addition, to screen for insertional ina...

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“…The effects of B. cereus endophthalmitis are devastating. In the more than 20 cases reported in the literature, useful vision has been preserved in only 1 case and enucleation of evisceration has been necessary in 76% (19 of 25) (1,2,5,8,9,11,13,(16)(17)(18)(19)21). The importance of early clinical suspicion, correct laboratory evaluation, and optimal therapy cannot be overstated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 39%

“…Nevertheless, there is limited information available with respect to its antimicrobial agent susceptibility. Published data suggest that B. cereus isolates are susceptible in vitro to gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin (1,4,12,14,17,20). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial agent susceptibility of 10 ocular isolates of B. cereus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 43%

In vitro susceptibilities of ocular Bacillus cereus isolates to clindamycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin alone or in combination

Gigantelli

Gomez

Osato

1991

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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A broth dilution assay was used to determine the in vitro susceptibilities of 10 ocular isolates of Bacillus cereus to clindamycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin both alone and in combination. The checkerboard technique was used to determine fractional inhibitory and bactericidal concentration indices for combinations of clindamycin-gentamicin and vancomycin-gentamicin.Bacillus cereus has emerged as one of the most virulent bacteria to affect the eye, causing a destructive endophthalmitis following trauma or intravenous drug use (1, 2, 5, 8-10, 14-17, 21). Nevertheless, there is limited information available with respect to its antimicrobial agent susceptibility. Published data suggest that B. cereus isolates are susceptible in vitro to gentamicin, vancomycin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, and erythromycin (1, 4, 12, 14, 17, 20). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial agent susceptibility of 10 ocular isolates of B. cereus. A checkerboard technique was used to assess the effects of clindamycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin, used both alone and in combination.The microorganisms studied were 10 B. cereus isolates recovered from ocular tissue specimens submitted to the Sid W. Richardson Ocular Microbiology Laboratory. Five isolates were recovered from vitreous, two isolates were recovered from corneal tissue, and three isolates were recovered from lids and orbital tissues. The isolates were identified by using the Minitek system.The antibiotics used were clindamycin hydrochloride, gentamicin sulfate, and vancomycin hydrochloride. These antibiotics were selected because of their activities against B. cereus as suggested by previous reports and because they are commonly used against serious ocular infections (3, 14, 20). The antibiotic concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 32 ,ug/ml in serial twofold dilutions. Each antibiotic was tested as a single agent in a broth dilution assay. The standard inoculum contained approximately 7.5 x 105 organisms in 1 ml of cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth (BBL Bioquest, Cockeysville, Md.). Culture wells were incubated at 35°C for 24 h. Clindamycin-gentamicin and vancomycingentamicin were tested as combined agents by using a checkerboard technique. Controls were included in each determination. The MIC was the lowest concentration of antibiotic that completely prevented visible bacterial growth. The MBC was determined by transferring 0.01-ml broth samples to Mueller-Hinton agar plates and incubating the plates at 35°C for an additional 24 h. The lowest concentration of antibiotic that prevented macroscopic microbial growth was regarded as the MBC.The fractional inhibitory and bactericidal concentration * Corresponding author.(FIC and FBC, respectively) indices for clindamycin-gentamicin and vancomycin-gentamicin were derived by using a checkerboard technique (6). Synergy and antagonism were defined by using the established criteria of indices of <0.5 and >4.0, respectively.MICs for 50% of strains (MIC50s) Clindamycin-gentamicin demonstrated in...

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Bacillus cereus Endogenous Panophthalmitis

Cited by 38 publications

References 16 publications

Bacillus cereus , a Volatile Human Pathogen

Bacillus cereus , a Volatile Human Pathogen

A Bacillus cereus cytolytic determinant, cereolysin AB, which comprises the phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase genes: nucleotide sequence and genetic linkage

In vitro susceptibilities of ocular Bacillus cereus isolates to clindamycin, gentamicin, and vancomycin alone or in combination

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