<b>Size at birth and adrenocortical function in childhood</b>

Clark, P.; Hindmarsh, Peter C.; Shiell, A. W.; Law, Catherine; Honour, John W.; Barker, David J.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1996.8560864.x

Cited by 201 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Differences in HPA activity among our study groups also may reflect conditions of gestation and subsequent development that could contribute to variation in HPA activity. For instance, chronically stressed Dominican children exhibited low unstressed levels of cortisol (Flinn & England, 1995), orphanage-reared Romanian children exhibit altered HPA activity (Gunnar, Morison, Chisholm, & Schuder, 2001), and gestational stress has been associated with increased HPA reactivity in children (Clark et al, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeless street children in Nepal: Use of allostatic load to assess the burden of childhood adversity

Worthman

Panter‐Brick

2008

Dev Psychopathol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Homeless street children in Nepal: Use of allostatic load to assess the burden of childhood adversity

Worthman

Panter‐Brick

2008

Dev Psychopathol

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“…Our data are in agreement with Waddell et al who reported increased adrenal expression of the ACTH-R in 6-month-old offspring and increased stress-induced levels of plasma corticosterone in a rat model of programming in which dams received dexamthasone during gestation. 18 In humans, low birth weight is associated with increased urinary glucocorticoid excretion in children 57 and with elevated basal plasma cortisol concentration 58 and greater adrenocortical responsiveness to ACTH in adults. 59 This increased responsiveness to stress has been proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic diseases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal Undernutrition Programs Offspring Adrenal Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes

et al. 2011

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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of maternal undernutrition (MUN) on maternal and offspring adrenal steoridogenic enzymes. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were 50% food-restricted from day 10 of gestation until delivery. Control animals received ad libitum food. Offspring were killed on day 1 of life (P1) and at 9 months. We determined the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of steroidogneic enzymes by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerized chain reaction (RT-PCR). Maternal undernutrition inhibited maternal adrenal expression of P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (CYP11A1), 11 betahydroxylase (CYP11B1), aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) receptor (ACTH-R; MC2 gene) compared with control offspring. There was a marked downregulation in the expression of CYP11B1, CYP11B2, 11 b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 (HSD1 and HSD2), CYP11A1, ACTH receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR), and mineralocorticoid receptor (MCR; NR3C2 gene) mRNA in P1 MUN offspring (both genders), with no changes in glucocorticoid receptor (GCR). Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the PCR data for GCR and MCR in P1 offspring and demonstrated lower expression of leptin receptor protein (Ob-Ra/Ob-Rb) and mRNA in P1 MUN offspring. In 9-month adult male MUN offspring, the expression of HSD1, CYP11A1, CYP11B2, Ob-Ra/Ob-Rb, and GCR mRNA were significantly upregulated with a trend toward an increase in ACTH-R and a decrease in 17 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP17A1) expression. In adult female MUN offspring, similar to males, the expression of CYP11A1, ACTH-R, and Ob-Rb mRNA were increased, whereas GCR and CYP17A1 mRNA were decreased. These results indicate that the adrenal gland is a target of nutritional programming. In utero undernutrition has a global suppressive effect on maternal and P1 offspring adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in association with reduced circulating corticosterone levels in P1 offspring, which may be secondary to a negative feedback from elevated maternal GC levels and or leptin levels in MUN dams. Gender-specific differences in steroidogenic enzyme expression were found in adult MUN offspring. The common finding of increased ACTH receptor expression in MUN adults of both genders suggests an increased sensitivity of these offspring to stress. Keywords adrenal, steroidogenesis, STAR protein, leptin receptor, ACTH receptor, maternal undernutrition, glucocorticoids, fetal programming An adverse intrauterine environment induces fetal growth restriction and is associated with development of metabolic syndrome in adult life. 1 These adverse intrauterine conditions are associated with maternal stress leading to excess glucocorticoid production which has significant impact on the fetus in terms of growth and later development of adult diseases. 2,3 Several studies have shown hyperactivity of offspring hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis caused by maternal undernutrition. 4,5 Most of these studies have focused primarily on characterizat...

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“…High birth weight may be positively associated with childhood (152) and adolescent height (153). However, estrogen and androgen concentrations seem elevated in prepubescent children who had lower birth weights, independent of current weight (154,155), and data consistently indicate that menarche is earlier in these girls (152,153,(156)(157)(158). In fact, epidemiologic data seem to indicate that the association of high birth weight with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women is not likely to be mediated through height, weight, or growth velocity in childhood and adolescence (159,160), but possibly through greater adult height (161).…”

Section: Prenatal Risk Factors For Breast Cancer Cancer Epidemiol Biomentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the Underlying Hormonal Mechanisms of Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Review and Commentary

Troisi

Potischman

Hoover

2007

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Prenatal factors have been hypothesized to influence subsequent breast cancer development. Directly evaluating the associations of in utero exposures with risk, however, presents several methodologic and theoretical challenges, including the long induction period between exposure and disease and the lack of certainty regarding the critical timing of exposure. Indirect evaluation of these associations has been achieved by use of proxies such as gestational and neonatal characteristics. Evidence suggests that preeclampsia is associated with a reduced breast cancer risk, whereas high birth weight and dizygotic twinning seem associated with an increased risk. Asians born in Asia have substantially lower breast cancer risks than women born in the West. Although data thus far are few, what exists is not consistent with a unifying hypothesis for a particular biological exposure (such as estrogens or androgens) during pregnancy as mediating the observed associations between pregnancy factors and breast cancer risk. This suggests that additional studies of prenatal factors should seek to broaden the range of hormones, growth, and other endocrine factors that are evaluated in utero. Once candidate biomarkers are identified, assessing them with respect to breast cancer and with intermediate end points in carcinogenesis should be a priority. In addition, investigations should explore the possibility that in utero exposures may not act directly on the breast, but may alter other physiologic pathways such as hormone metabolism that have their effect on risk later in life. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(9):1700 -12)

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Size at birth and adrenocortical function in childhood

Abstract: These findings suggests that the intra-uterine environment, as measured by fetal size at birth, has long-lasting effects on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Cited by 201 publications

References 21 publications

Homeless street children in Nepal: Use of allostatic load to assess the burden of childhood adversity

Homeless street children in Nepal: Use of allostatic load to assess the burden of childhood adversity

Maternal Undernutrition Programs Offspring Adrenal Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes

Exploring the Underlying Hormonal Mechanisms of Prenatal Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Review and Commentary

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